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In recent years airfreight(航空货运) has been developing rapidly（快速的） and air carriers（空运承运人） have been able to offer an ever widening range of services（服务范围）. Freight costs can be paid in advance（预先）, at destination or against reimbursement偿还（钱款）. The main advantage of air freight is speed,which makes it invaluable for the carriage of high-value products and perishable （易腐的 products such as fish, flowers,and other products which have a short life span（寿命）.The most often used Incoterm（国际贸易术语 ）is FCA etc.———————————————————————————
PartA AirCargo Charges, Ratesand Waybill
Air Cargo Charges and Rates
Air cargo rates（航空货物费率） are based on the value of service or the cost of service. Value of service rates are demand based（按需求）and consider the sensitivity（敏感）of the cargo to freight rates. The less sensitive the cargo is to rates, the higher the rate will be. On traffic lanes（运输路线）where demand is strong and plane capacity is limited, the air rates will be high and vice versa （反之亦然） for traffic lanes where supply exceeds demand. Also, products with high prices or emergency conditions surrounding（ 环境） the move will be charged high rates because the freight rate is a small portion（部分）of the landed（落地）selling price.
Cost of service factors also enter into air carrier pricing(定运价) of cargo. Given the limited cargo carrying capacity of a plane, space(舱容) is at a premium（非常珍贵）. The utilization（利用率） of this space is related to the density(密度) of the cargo,with low-density cargo（低密度货物）requiring more space per weight unit than high-density cargo（高密度货物）. Air carriers calculate the dimensional weight / volume weight 体积重量(dim weight) of a shipment to evaluate the weight versus/vs.（与…相对） space issue. Freight carriers use the greater of the actual weight （实际重量）or dimensional weight（体积重）to calculate shipping charges.
Carriers calculate international air shipments as (Length×Width×Height) /(Dimensional Factor尺寸因素). The common dimensional factor尺寸因素 for international freight is 166 for shipments measured in inches(英寸)and or 6,000 for shipments measured in centimeters（厘米）.
1 pound(lb)= 166 inches3; 1kg=150000px3
chargeable weight 计费重量= either actual gross weight or dimensional weight, whichever is high.或者货物的实际毛重或者该批货物的体积重量，取其高者;或者更高重量分界点的重量。
Air Charge/weight charge = air freight rate* chargeable weight
航空运费=航空运价*计费重量
The pricing of international air freight is governed by（受…约束，受…管制）the International Air Transport Association (IATA)国际航空运输协会 via the Air Cargo Tariff (TACT)空运货物运价表. TACT is generally considered to be a set of guidelines which contains comprehensive(全面的，综合的)information regarding air cargo rules, regulations rates and charges to TACT. However, carriers are not required to use these rates and charges. More than 100 airlines（航空公司）, carriers tend to（有…的倾向） develop their own rates based on the commodity and market competition.
TACT includes three types of international air carrier rates:
1. General Cargo Rate (GCR) 普通货物运价
General cargo rates are charged by a carrier to transport cargo when it doesn't qualify for（合格；有…的资格） a discounted（打折的）special class fee (Reduced，附减的等级运价) or a commodity fee (SCR, 指定商品运价) from the carrier. General cargo rates consist of minimum rate (M)起码运价, normal (N)标准/基础运价(<45kgs), and lower charge in higher weight(更高重量下的更低运价) (Q)重量分界点运价（e.g. Q45, Q100, Q300）.
2. Commodity Classification Rate (CCR) 等级货物运价
Commodity classification rate, also known as class（等级） rate ,are published （颁布）for particular commodities from a specified point of origin to a specified destination point and are usually shown in Surcharged (S)（附加）or Reduced (R)（附减）. Class Rates take precedence over （优先于…）General Cargo rates regardless of (不管，不予理睬) comparisons（比较）.
Newspapers, Magazines, periodicals（期刊）, Books, Catalogues, Braille-Type Equipment andTalking Books for the Blind （R）盲人读物及设备
Usually, 50%of normal GCR shall apply to the above commodities and the minimum charge will be either the minimum charge for the specified sector or the amount (that) customers get by multiplying（乘以） such discounted rate（折扣价格） per kg/lb (公斤/磅) by the minimum chargeable weight(计费重量), whichever is higher.
Baggage Shipping as Cargo (R)作为货物运输的行李
For carriage of baggage shipped as cargo (excluding machinery, jewelry, cameras, merchandise and salesman samples（推销样品，销售样品),50% of normal GCR will apply, and such baggage is subject to a minimum charge for 10 kg（以10kg为最低的计费重量）. This rate is applicable only whenpassengers (旅客) travel to IATA area 2 and area 3. The baggage must be delivered to the carrier no later than（不晚于） the passenger's departure date, and the passenger or his agent is responsible for customs clearance（通关）.
Live Animals (Surcharged)活动物
All live animals (including cold blooded animals) rates are 200% of Normal GCR. Besides, all live animals(including cold blooded) minimum charges are 200% of applicable minimum charge.
Other Commodity ClassificationRates 其他等级货物运价
Surcharged rate(附加的运价) are applicable for human remains （尸体，骨灰）and valuable cargo（高值货物）including legal bank notes（合法的银行票据）, traveler's checks旅行支票, securities(证券), bonds（债券）, gold, platinum（铂；白金）, diamonds (including diamonds for industrialuse) and jewelry（珠宝）. However, class rates are not applicable to the carriage of calendars（日历）, price tags（价格标签） and posters（海报）.
3. Specific Commodity Rate (SCR) 指定商品运价
Specific commodity ratesare applicable to（适用于） named (指定的, 具名的) types of freight or some named commodities. Over 5,000 different commodities are described in lists（清单）of definitions prepared by the airlines with International Air Transport Association (IATA) for international services. Similar lists exist（存在） for domestic rates.
Specific commodity rates are usually lower than general cargo rates and are published（颁布） for particular commodities from a specified point of origin to a specified destination point. They are subject to（受限于） a minimum weight restriction（最低重量限制）. Specific commodity rates take precedence over(优先于) class rates and general cargo rates. When the class rate or the general cargo rate applicable to the consignment is lower than the specific commodity rate, this lower rate can be applied. When the class rate is higher than the general cargo rate(M, N ,Q), the class rate takes precedence over general cargo rate.
For example. （GCR, CCR, SCR）
1. Books (Q300<CCR), CCR
2. Diamond- CCR(S)
3. Live animal (CCR > SCR), SCR
