Lesson 15   What are Viruses

一、Words and Expression

submicroscopic      /ˌsʌbmaɪkrəˈskɑːpɪk/          adj.亚微观的

microscopic         /ˌmaɪkrəˈskɑːpɪk/           adj.亚微观的 

obligate intracellular parasite    

 /ˈɑːblɪˌɡeɪt ˌɪntrəˈseljələr ˈpærəsaɪt/   专性细胞内寄生虫（物）

optical microscope   /ˈɑːptɪk(ə)l ˈmaɪkrəskoʊp/       n.光学显微镜

 organism          /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/              n.生物，有机体

multicellular      /ˌmʌltiˈseljələr/          adj.多细胞的

prokaryotic       /proʊkeriˈɑːtɪk/           adj.原核的

eukaryote         /jʊˈkærɪəʊt/            n.真核生物,真核细胞

protozoa           /ˌproʊtəˈzoʊə/     n.原生动物，原生动物类（protozoan 的复数）

fungi                /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/            n.真菌（蘑菇和霉），霉菌

bacteria          /bækˈtɪriə/             n.细菌（bacterium的复数）

rickettsiae            /rɪˈketsɪiː/         n.立克次氏体

chlamydia           /kləˈmɪdiə/            n.衣原体

Mimivirus                                  n.米米病毒

mycoplasma          /ˌmaɪkoˈplɑzmə/            n.支原体

mycoplasma genitalium                         n.生殖道支原体

Encephalitozoon                         n.脑炎微孢子虫属

assembly           /əˈsembli/          n.组装,装配；议会，代表大会，集会

integrated          /ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd/        adj.综合的,完整的

division           /dɪˈvɪʒn/            n.分开，分配，分裂

metabolic         /ˌmetəˈbɑːlɪk/         adj.新陈代谢的

synthesis          /ˈsɪnθəsɪs/          n.综合，综合体；（化学物质的）合成

ribosome           /ˈraɪbəsoʊm/         n.核糖体

subviral             /ˌsʌbˈvaɪərəl/      adj.亚病毒的

viroid             /ˈvaɪərɔɪd/           n.类病毒

virusoid           /ˈvaɪrəsɔɪd/           n. 拟病毒

prion             /ˈpriːɑːn/             n.朊病毒

nucleotide         /ˈnuːkliətaɪd/            n.核苷酸

二、Sentence Structures and Analysis

1.Even within the broad scope of microbiology covering prokaryotic organisms as well as microscopic eukaryotes such as algae, protozoa, and fungi, in most cases this simple definition is enough.  

2.These are the Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae-obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria that have evolved to be so cell-associated that they can exist outside the cells of their hosts for only a short period of time before losing viability.  

3.Although there will always be some exceptions and uncertainties in the case of organisms that are too small to see easily and in many cases difficult to study,these guidelines are sufficient to define what a virus is.  

4.Genome analysis has shown that more than 10% of the eukaryotic cell genome is composed of mobile retrovirus-like elements retrotransposons,which may have had a considerable role in shaping these complex genomes.