Lesson 14 Silage
一、Words and Expression
silage /ˈsaɪlɪdʒ/ n.青贮饲料
ensilage /ˈensəlɪdʒ/ n.青贮饲料；v.青贮……作饲料
silo /ˈsaɪloʊ/ n.青贮窖
lactic acid /ˈlæktɪk ˈæsɪd/ n 牧场，牧草地；放牧；v.放牧，吃草
wiliting /ˈwɪltɪŋ/ n.萎蔫，凋谢；v.使...凋谢枯萎
addictive /əˈdɪktɪv/ n.添加剂；adj.使人成瘾的
anaerobic /ˌænəˈroʊbɪk/ adj.厌氧的；无氧的
filling /ˈfɪlɪŋ/ n.装满，填；v.填满
sealing /ˈsiːlɪŋ/ v.密封
cereal /ˈsɪriəl/ n.谷物谷类植物
microbial /maɪˈkrobɪəl/ adj.微生物的；由细菌引起的
fungi /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/ n.真菌（蘑菇和霉），霉菌
Escherichia /ˌeʃəˈrɪkiə/ n.埃希氏杆菌属
Klebsiella /,klebzi'elə/ n.克雷伯氏菌属
Clostridium /klɑsˈtrɪdɪəm/ n.梭菌；梭菌属
Streptococcus /ˌstreptəˈkɑːkəs/ n.链球菌；链球菌属
Leuconostoc /,lju:kə'nɔstɔk/ n.明串珠菌属
Lactobacillus /ˌlæktoʊbəˈsɪləs/ n.乳酸菌；乳杆菌属
Pediococcus /ˌpediəˈkɒkəs/ n.片球菌属；小球菌属
bacillus /bəˈsɪləs/ n.杆菌
yeast /jiːst/ n.酵母，酵母菌
facultative /ˈfækəlˌteɪtɪv/ adj.兼性的；特许的，授权的
proliferate /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/ v.增生，增殖
lactic acid bacteria /ˈlæktɪk ˈæsɪd bækˈtɪriə/ n.乳酸菌
homofermentation /ˌhɒməʊfɜːmenˈteɪʃəʊ/ n.同型发酵
saccharolytic /sækərə'lɪtɪk / adj.糖分解的
butyric acid /bjʊˈtɪrɪk ˈæsɪd/ n.丁酸
proteolytic /ˌprotiəˈlɪtɪk/ adj.蛋白水解的；解蛋白的
ammonia /əˈmoʊniə/ n.氨，氨气，氨水
consolidate /kənˈsɑːlɪdeɪt/ n.巩固，合并，强化
anaerobiosis /æneˌrobaɪˈosɪs/ n.厌氧生活，无氧生活
heterofermentation /ˌhetərəʊfɜːmənˈteɪʃən/ adj.异型发酵的
pentose /ˈpentoʊs/ n.戊糖
protease /ˈproʊtieɪz/ n.蛋白酶
hydrolyse /ˈhaɪdrəlaɪz/ v.水解
decarboxylase /ˌdikɑrˈbɑksəˌles;/ n.脱羧酶
serine /ˈserɪn/ n.丝氨酸
arginine /ˈɑrdʒəˌnin/ n.精氨酸
acetoin /əˈsetɔɪn/ n.3-羟基丁酮，乙酰甲基原醇
ornithine /ˈɔnɪθɪn/ n.脱氨基作用,脱氨
decarboxylation /ˌdikɑrˌbɑksəˈleʃən/ n.脱羧反应,去碳酸基
buffering /'bʌfərɪŋ/ n.缓冲作用；v.减轻
orthophosphate /ˌɔːθəʊˈfɒsfeɪt/ n.正磷酸盐
sulphate /ˈsʌlfeɪt/ n.硫酸盐，硫化物；v.使硫酸盐化；用硫酸盐处理
nitrate /ˈnaɪtreɪt/ n.硝酸盐；v.使硝化；用硝酸处理
acetate /ˈæsɪteɪt/ n.醋酸盐；醋酸纤维素及其制成的产品
chloride /ˈklɔːraɪd/ n.氯化物
alkali /ˈælkəlaɪ/ n.碱；可溶性无机盐
macerate /ˈmæsəreɪt/ v.把…浸软；使…消瘦
satisfactorily /ˌsætɪsˈfæktərəli/ adv.令人满意地
malic acid /ˈmælɪk ˈæsɪd/ n.苹果酸
formic acid /ˌfɔːmɪk ˈæsɪd/ n.甲酸，蚁酸
butanediol /bjuːteɪˈniːdaɪəl/ n.丁二醇
pigment /ˈpɪɡmənt/ n.色素，颜料，色剂；v.给…染色
chlorophyll /ˈklɔːrəfɪl/ n.叶绿素
phaeophytin /fi:ə'faitin/ n.脱镁叶绿素
provitamin /proʊˈvaɪtəmɪn/ n.维他命原；前维生素
inedible /ɪnˈedəb(ə)l/ adj.不能吃的，不宜食用的
Ethanol /ˈeθənɔːl/ n.乙醇
effluent /ˈefluənt/ adj.流出的，发出的；n.排污水
二、Sentence Structures and Analysis
1、The fermentation is controlled either by encouraging the growth of lactic acid bacteria which are present on the fresh herbage or by resricting fermentation by pre-wilting the crop or by using chemical additives.
2、Amerobic fungi and bacteria are the dominant micro-organisms on fresh herbage, but as anaerobic conditions develop in the silo they are replaced by bacteria able to grow in the absence of oxyen, such as species of Escherichia, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus. 、
3、The lactic acid bacteria, which are also facultative anaerobes, are usually present in forage harvested crops in relatively high numbers. They can be divided into two categories, the homofermentative lactic acid bacteria and the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria increase rapidly, fermenting the water soluble carbohydrates in the crop to organic acids, mainly lactic, which reduce the pH value.
4、The homofermentative lactic acid bacteria are more efficient at producing lactic acid from hexose sugars than are the heterofermentative organisms. Some hydrolysis of hemicelluloses also occurs, liberating pentoses, which may be fermented to lactic acid.
5、In one study in which 25 samples of different silages were examined,carotene values ranged from 123 to 696 mg/kg DM with a mean value of 417,which compares favourably with amounts present in fresh herbage.
