气烹类技法导读(中文版)Introduction to steam cooking techniques(Chinese version)
气烹类技法导读(英文版)Introduction to steam cooking techniques(English version)
一、气烹类技法内涵/Connotation of Qi cooking techniques
利用对锅里的水进行加热,使其形成热蒸汽,在高温的作用下,迫使热蒸汽剧烈对流,对烹饪原料渗透穿过,将原料加热成熟,至脢,这种方法叫汽烹。汽烹类技法是依靠蒸汽将原料加热成熟,所以又叫蒸法。
The water in the pot is heated to form hot steam. Under the action of high temperature, the hot steam is forced to convection violently, penetrate through the cooking raw materials, and heat the raw materials to maturity. This method is called steam cooking. Steam cooking techniques rely on steam to heat the raw materials to maturity, so it is also called steam method.
“汽”是烹调过程中最常见、最基本的传热介质,汽态介质具有其特殊的传热性质,在汽态介质中加热原料,不会产生在水导热加热法中出现的溶解与扩散现象,因而具有保持原料原汁原味的特性。汽态介质不能像水一样形成氢键,具有吸附、促进扩散的作用,没有了水作为载体,调味料就很难进入原料内部,因而调味只有根据需要在加工前或加工后进行调味,这是汽态介质烹调的特性。蒸汽的温度比水的沸点温度高,可达到105℃左右,而且蒸汽能形成一定的气压,且温度饱和,可以促使原料较快成熟;在加热时,由于用的汽量大小不同,加热时间长短不同,原料的质感也形成嫩、软、酥、烂等不同情况。
"Steam" is the most common and basic heat transfer medium in the cooking process. The steam medium has its special heat transfer properties. Heating the raw materials in the steam medium will not produce the dissolution and diffusion phenomenon in the water heat conduction heating method, so it has the characteristics of maintaining the original flavor of the raw materials. Vapor medium can not form hydrogen bond like water, which has the function of adsorption and promoting diffusion. Without water as the carrier, it is difficult for seasoning to enter the interior of raw materials. Therefore, seasoning can only be seasoned before or after processing as required, which is the characteristic of vapor medium cooking. The temperature of steam is higher than the boiling point of water, which can reach about 105 ℃. Moreover, steam can form a certain air pressure, and the temperature is saturated, which can promote the rapid maturity of raw materials; During heating, due to the different amount of steam used and the different heating time, the texture of raw materials also forms different situations such as tender, soft, crisp and rotten.
二、气烹类技法历史/History of Qi cooking techniques
在中国炊具——“甑”产生后“汽烹”得以问世。据考证,在新石器时代发明了甑,有了甑就有了“汽烹”,距今己有6000多年的历史了。《说文》:“蒸,火汽上行也”。这一时期,蒸可用于做饭,《周书》有“黄帝始蒸谷为饭”的记载,《诗经·生民》形容蒸饭说:“释之变叟叟,蒸之浮浮。”《正义》解释说:“洮米则有声,故言叟叟之声,蒸饭则有气,故言浮浮之气。”显然,这是指水吸收火的热能,使甑的内压形成100℃以上的蒸汽。蒸也可用于做菜,《论语》中己提到“蒸豚(小猪)”,到战国时期楚国有美食“蒸凫(野鸭)”北魏时有名菜“蒸熊”,唐朝时有“醋蒸鸡”,宋代有“蟹酿橙”,系用蒸法。元时有蒸鲥鱼,明清时油盏蒸鸡、清蒸肉、藏蒸猪等。
After the emergence of Chinese cooking utensils - steamer, "steam cooking" came out. According to textual research, steamer was invented in the Neolithic age. With steamer, there is "steam cooking", which has a history of more than 6000 years. "Shuowen": "steam, fire and steam go up". During this period, steaming can be used for cooking. There is a record in the book of Zhou that "the Yellow Emperor began to steam grain for rice". The book of songs · living people describes steaming rice as saying: "when you release it, you will become an old man, and steaming will float." "Justice" explained: "Tao rice has a voice, so it says the voice of the old, steamed rice has gas, so it says the air of floating." Obviously, this means that water absorbs the heat energy of fire and makes the internal pressure of the steamer form steam above 100 ℃. Steaming can also be used for cooking. In the Analects of Confucius, it has been mentioned that "steamed porpoise (piglet)". In the Warring States period, there was a delicious food "steamed Fu (wild duck)" in the state of Chu, a famous dish "steamed bear" in the Northern Wei Dynasty, a "vinegar steamed chicken" in the Tang Dynasty, and a "crab stuffed orange" in the Song Dynasty. There were steamed shad fish in Yuan Dynasty, steamed chicken, steamed meat and steamed pig in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
三、气烹类技法分类/Classification of air cooking techniques
气烹类技法在具体操作中又分为清蒸技法、干蒸技法、粉蒸技法、蒸扣技法、蒸瓤技法、蒸炖技法等。根据成菜要求,汽烹可以分为旺火速蒸、旺火长时间蒸、中火慢蒸、小火保温蒸等四种方式。旺火速蒸方式适用于蒸制新鲜质嫩的原料,蒸制成的菜肴只需要熟,不需要脢。旺火长时间蒸适用于蒸质地老韧、体积较大、状成整形,又需要蒸至脢的原料。中火慢蒸适用于经过细致加工并需要保持质嫩的菜肴。小火保温蒸适用于蒸熟后还未达到上桌要求的菜,需要进行保温。
In the specific operation, gas cooking techniques are divided into steaming techniques, dry steaming techniques, powder steaming techniques, steaming button techniques, steaming pulp techniques, steaming stewing techniques, etc. According to the requirements of cooking, steam cooking can be divided into four ways: high fire fast steaming, high fire long-time steaming, medium fire slow steaming and low fire heat preservation steaming. High fire fast steaming method is suitable for steaming fresh and tender raw materials. The steamed dishes only need to be cooked without cooking. High fire long-time steaming is suitable for steaming raw materials with old and tough texture, large volume, shape and shaping, and need to be steamed to the bottom. Medium fire slow steaming is suitable for delicately processed dishes that need to remain tender. Low heat insulation steaming is applicable to dishes that have not met the requirements of serving after steaming, and need to be insulated.

