目录

  • 1 绪论(Introduction)
    • 1.1 中式烹调工艺概述(Overview of Chinese cooking technology)
  • 2 锅烹类技法实训(Pot cooking skills training)
    • 2.1 学习目标(Learning objectives)
    • 2.2 锅烹类技法导读(Introduction to pot cooking techniques)
    • 2.3 项目一:滑炒技法(Item 1: Slippery frying technique)
    • 2.4 项目二:爆炒技法(Item 2: Stir fry technique)
    • 2.5 项目三:清炒技法(Item 3: Clear frying technique)
    • 2.6 项目四:生炒技法(Item 4:Raw frying technique)
    • 2.7 项目五:熟炒技法(Item 5:Cooked frying technique)
    • 2.8 项目六:煸炒技法(Item 6:Stir-fry technique)
    • 2.9 项目七:贴制技法(Item 7:Paste technique)
    • 2.10 项目八:煎制技法(Item 8:Decocting technique)
    • 2.11 项目九:盐焗技法(Item 9:Salt baking technique)
    • 2.12 本章小结(Summary of this chapter)
    • 2.13 本章检测题(Test questions in this chapter)
  • 3 油烹类技法实训(Oil cooking skills training)
    • 3.1 学习目标(Learning objectives)
    • 3.2 油烹类技法导读(Introduction to oil cooking techniques)
    • 3.3 项目一:清炸技法(Item 1:Blasting technique)
    • 3.4 项目二:干炸技法(Item 2:Dry frying technique)
    • 3.5 项目三:纸包炸技法(Item 3:Paper fried technique)
    • 3.6 项目四:卷炸技法(Item 4:Roll blasting technique)
    • 3.7 项目五:碎屑料炸技法(Item 5:Chip blasting technique)
    • 3.8 项目六:泡油炒技法(Item 6:Oil soaking frying technique)
    • 3.9 项目七:红烧技法(Item 7:Braised technique)
    • 3.10 项目八:红扣技法(Item 8:Red button technique)
    • 3.11 项目九:脆熘技法(Item 9:Crispy frying technique)
    • 3.12 本章小结(Summary of this chapter)
    • 3.13 本章检测题(Test questions in this chapter)
  • 4 水烹类技法实训(Practical training of water cooking techniques)
    • 4.1 学习目标(Learning objectives)
    • 4.2 水烹类技法导读(Introduction to water cooking techniques)
    • 4.3 项目一:煮制技法(Item 1:Boiling technique)
    • 4.4 项目二:浸制技法(Item 2:Soaking technique)
    • 4.5 项目三:灼制技法(Item 3:Poaching technique)
    • 4.6 项目四:烩制技法(Item 4:Decocting technique)
    • 4.7 项目五:煲制技法(Item 5:Stewing technique)
    • 4.8 项目六:煨制技法(Item 6:Simmering technique)
    • 4.9 项目七:焖制技法(Item 7:Braiseing technique )
    • 4.10 本章小结(Summary of this chapter)
    • 4.11 本章检测题(Test questions in this chapter)
  • 5 汽烹类技法实训(Steam cooking skills training)
    • 5.1 学习目标(Learning objectives)
    • 5.2 汽烹类技法导读(Introduction to steam cooking techniques)
    • 5.3 项目一:清蒸技法(Item 1:Steaming technique)
    • 5.4 项目二:干蒸技法(Item 2:Dry steaming technique)
    • 5.5 项目三:粉蒸技法(Item 3:Dteaming with flour technique)
    • 5.6 项目四:蒸扣技法(Item 4:Bowl steaming technique)
    • 5.7 项目五:蒸瓤技法(Item 5:Stuffing steaming technique)
    • 5.8 项目六:蒸炖技法(Item 6:Steaming and Stewing technique)
    • 5.9 本章小结(Summary of this chapter)
    • 5.10 本章检测题(Test questions in this chapter)
  • 6 辐射类技法实训(Training of Radiation Cooking Techniques)
    • 6.1 学习目标(Learning objectives)
    • 6.2 辐射类技法导读(Introduction to Radiation Cooking Techniques)
    • 6.3 项目一:明炉烤技法(Item 1:Open-oven roasting technique)
    • 6.4 项目二:暗炉烤技法(Item 2:Closed-oven roasting technique)
    • 6.5 项目三:泥烤技法(Item 3:Mud roasting technique)
    • 6.6 项目四:烘烤技法(Item 4:Baking roasting technique)
    • 6.7 本章小结(Summary of this chapter)
    • 6.8 本章检测题(Test questions in this chapter)
  • 7 特殊类技法实训(Training of Special Cooking Techniques)
    • 7.1 学习目标(Learning objectives)
    • 7.2 特殊类技法导读(Introduction to special techniques Techniques)
    • 7.3 项目一:凉拌技法(Item 1:Cold mixing technique)
    • 7.4 项目二:制冻技法(Item 2:Cold jelly technique)
    • 7.5 项目三:生醉技法(Item 3:live alcohol-saturating technique)
    • 7.6 项目四:熟醉技法(Item 4:Alcohol-cooking technique)
    • 7.7 项目五:拔丝技法(Item 5:Wire drawing technique)
    • 7.8 项目六:制羹技法(Item 6:Thick soup making technique)
    • 7.9 项目七:铁扒技法(Item 7:Grilling technique)
    • 7.10 项目八:熏制技法(Item 8:Smoking technique)
    • 7.11 本章小结(Summary of this chapter)
    • 7.12 本章检测题(Test questions in this chapter)
水烹类技法导读(Introduction to water cooking techniques)

水烹类技法导读(中文版)Introduction to water cooking techniques(Chinese version)


水烹类技法导读(英文版)Introduction to water cooking techniques(English version)


一、水烹类技法内涵/Connotation of water cooking techniques

利用水或汤汁作为传热介质,利用液体在加热过程中的不断对流将烹饪原料加热成熟,这个烹调工序叫水烹。

Using water or soup as the heat transfer medium and the continuous convection of liquid in the heating process to heat the cooking raw materials to maturity, this cooking process is called water cooking.

  首先,相对其他烹制方式,水的传热温度较低,在正常大气压下最高温度为100℃,用沸水加热,原料可保持原有的质地和风味。经过长时间的加热,水可以分散破坏原料的组织结构,使细胞内的蛋白质、脂肪、核酸等物质分散溶出,如果继续加热,以上物质则水解为低级肽类、氨基酸、脂肪酸及甘油等,形成醇正鲜美的汤汁。其次,水具有渗透性,水加热后,渗透力更强,水分进入细胞后,由于渗透膨胀,增加了原料的嫩度。水作为传热介质渗入原料,使原料成熟或脢烂,也使调味品容易渗入原料,形成质香。再次,水为液体,受热后高温部分的水流向低温区域,低温区域的水迅速转移到高温区域,形成对流,流动、传热迅速而且均匀,使原料在高温液体对流中成熟、质脢。最后,水与原料加热不会产生污染和有害物质,不会对环境造成污染,也不会危害身体健康。

 First of all, compared with other cooking methods, the heat transfer temperature of water is low. Under normal atmospheric pressure, the maximum temperature is 100 ℃. Heated with boiling water, the raw materials can maintain the original texture and flavor. After heating for a long time, water can disperse and destroy the tissue structure of raw materials, so as to disperse and dissolve proteins, fats, nucleic acids and other substances in cells. If heating continues, the above substances will be hydrolyzed into low-grade peptides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol to form a mellow and delicious soup. Secondly, water has permeability. After water is heated, the permeability is stronger. After water enters the cell, due to osmotic expansion, the tenderness of raw materials is increased. As a heat transfer medium, water seeps into the raw materials to make the raw materials mature or rotten. It also makes the condiments easy to seep into the raw materials to form a qualitative fragrance. Thirdly, water is liquid. After heating, the water in the high-temperature part flows to the low-temperature area. The water in the low-temperature area quickly transfers to the high-temperature area to form convection. The flow and heat transfer are rapid and uniform, so that the raw materials are mature and qualitative in the convection of high-temperature liquid. Finally, the heating of water and raw materials will not produce pollution and harmful substances, pollute the environment and endanger health.

二、水烹类技法历史/History of water cooking techniques

 水烹主要是随着陶制品产生才逐渐发展起来了。用水罐或陶盆盛水是水烹的开始。水烹距今已有6000年的发展历史。

 Water cooking developed gradually with the emergence of pottery products. Holding water in a pot or pottery basin is the beginning of water cooking. Water cooking has a history of 6000 years.

在史前熟食阶段,烹饪方法均为用火熟食,只有烧烤、燔炙、火煨之类。进入陶器烹饪阶段,由于有了陶制炊具,以水熟物的烹饪方法便应运而生,并逐渐成为常用之法。中国新石器时代的制陶工艺表明,作为炊具使用的烹饪器具主要包括有:陶罐、陶釜陶鼎等,在制作中大多加入了砂粒、稻草末、稻壳、植物茎叶或蚌壳末等羼和料,其比例有时达30%左右,增加了陶器的耐热急变性能,可以避免在加热时发生破裂。而陶器的烧热温度,黄河流域一般为900~1050长江中下游一般为800950℃。这样的陶制炊具正适宜水煮,而且从它们的造型上看也是有利于煮食物。

In the prehistoric cooked food stage, the cooking methods were all cooked by fire, only barbecue, burnt roast, fire simmer and so on. In the pottery cooking stage, due to the ceramic cooking utensils, the cooking method of water cooked things came into being and gradually became a common method. The pottery making process in the Neolithic Age in China shows that the cooking utensils used as cookers mainly include: pottery pot, pottery kettle, pottery tripod, etc. most of the mixing materials such as sand, rice straw, rice husk, plant stems and leaves or mussel shell are added in the production, and the proportion sometimes reaches about 30%, which increases the heat-resistant and rapid change performance of the pottery and can avoid cracking during heating. The firing temperature of pottery is generally 900 ~ 1050 ℃ in the Yellow River Basin and 800 ~ 950 ℃ in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Such ceramic cookers are suitable for water cooking, and their shape is also conducive to cooking food.

三、水烹类技法分类/Classification of water cooking techniques

由于原料质地不同、形状不同,菜肴质量要求不同,加热时间不同,地方习惯和客人口味要求不同,因此水烹在实践操作中又分为煮制技法、浸制技法、灼制技法、烩制技法、煲制技法、煨制技法等。

Due to the different texture and shape of raw materials, different dish quality requirements, different heating time, different local habits and guest taste requirements, water cooking is divided into cooking techniques, soaking techniques, burning techniques, stewing techniques, cooking techniques, simmering techniques, etc.