水烹类技法导读(中文版)Introduction to water cooking techniques(Chinese version)
水烹类技法导读(英文版)Introduction to water cooking techniques(English version)
一、水烹类技法内涵/Connotation of water cooking techniques
利用水或汤汁作为传热介质,利用液体在加热过程中的不断对流将烹饪原料加热成熟,这个烹调工序叫水烹。
Using water or soup as the heat transfer medium and the continuous convection of liquid in the heating process to heat the cooking raw materials to maturity, this cooking process is called water cooking.
首先,相对其他烹制方式,水的传热温度较低,在正常大气压下最高温度为100℃,用沸水加热,原料可保持原有的质地和风味。经过长时间的加热,水可以分散破坏原料的组织结构,使细胞内的蛋白质、脂肪、核酸等物质分散溶出,如果继续加热,以上物质则水解为低级肽类、氨基酸、脂肪酸及甘油等,形成醇正鲜美的汤汁。其次,水具有渗透性,水加热后,渗透力更强,水分进入细胞后,由于渗透膨胀,增加了原料的嫩度。水作为传热介质渗入原料,使原料成熟或脢烂,也使调味品容易渗入原料,形成质香。再次,水为液体,受热后高温部分的水流向低温区域,低温区域的水迅速转移到高温区域,形成对流,流动、传热迅速而且均匀,使原料在高温液体对流中成熟、质脢。最后,水与原料加热不会产生污染和有害物质,不会对环境造成污染,也不会危害身体健康。
First of all, compared with other cooking methods, the heat transfer temperature of water is low. Under normal atmospheric pressure, the maximum temperature is 100 ℃. Heated with boiling water, the raw materials can maintain the original texture and flavor. After heating for a long time, water can disperse and destroy the tissue structure of raw materials, so as to disperse and dissolve proteins, fats, nucleic acids and other substances in cells. If heating continues, the above substances will be hydrolyzed into low-grade peptides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol to form a mellow and delicious soup. Secondly, water has permeability. After water is heated, the permeability is stronger. After water enters the cell, due to osmotic expansion, the tenderness of raw materials is increased. As a heat transfer medium, water seeps into the raw materials to make the raw materials mature or rotten. It also makes the condiments easy to seep into the raw materials to form a qualitative fragrance. Thirdly, water is liquid. After heating, the water in the high-temperature part flows to the low-temperature area. The water in the low-temperature area quickly transfers to the high-temperature area to form convection. The flow and heat transfer are rapid and uniform, so that the raw materials are mature and qualitative in the convection of high-temperature liquid. Finally, the heating of water and raw materials will not produce pollution and harmful substances, pollute the environment and endanger health.
二、水烹类技法历史/History of water cooking techniques
水烹主要是随着陶制品产生才逐渐发展起来了。用水罐或陶盆盛水是水烹的开始。水烹距今已有6000年的发展历史。
Water cooking developed gradually with the emergence of pottery products. Holding water in a pot or pottery basin is the beginning of water cooking. Water cooking has a history of 6000 years.
在史前熟食阶段,烹饪方法均为用火熟食,只有烧烤、燔炙、火煨之类。进入陶器烹饪阶段,由于有了陶制炊具,以水熟物的烹饪方法便应运而生,并逐渐成为常用之法。中国新石器时代的制陶工艺表明,作为炊具使用的烹饪器具主要包括有:陶罐、陶釜、陶鼎等,在制作中大多加入了砂粒、稻草末、稻壳、植物茎叶或蚌壳末等羼和料,其比例有时达30%左右,增加了陶器的耐热急变性能,可以避免在加热时发生破裂。而陶器的烧热温度,黄河流域一般为900~1050℃长江中下游一般为800~950℃。这样的陶制炊具正适宜水煮,而且从它们的造型上看也是有利于煮食物。
In the prehistoric cooked food stage, the cooking methods were all cooked by fire, only barbecue, burnt roast, fire simmer and so on. In the pottery cooking stage, due to the ceramic cooking utensils, the cooking method of water cooked things came into being and gradually became a common method. The pottery making process in the Neolithic Age in China shows that the cooking utensils used as cookers mainly include: pottery pot, pottery kettle, pottery tripod, etc. most of the mixing materials such as sand, rice straw, rice husk, plant stems and leaves or mussel shell are added in the production, and the proportion sometimes reaches about 30%, which increases the heat-resistant and rapid change performance of the pottery and can avoid cracking during heating. The firing temperature of pottery is generally 900 ~ 1050 ℃ in the Yellow River Basin and 800 ~ 950 ℃ in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Such ceramic cookers are suitable for water cooking, and their shape is also conducive to cooking food.
三、水烹类技法分类/Classification of water cooking techniques
由于原料质地不同、形状不同,菜肴质量要求不同,加热时间不同,地方习惯和客人口味要求不同,因此水烹在实践操作中又分为煮制技法、浸制技法、灼制技法、烩制技法、煲制技法、煨制技法等。
Due to the different texture and shape of raw materials, different dish quality requirements, different heating time, different local habits and guest taste requirements, water cooking is divided into cooking techniques, soaking techniques, burning techniques, stewing techniques, cooking techniques, simmering techniques, etc.

