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Part B Logistics
Logistics is the management of the flow of resources between thepoint of origin and the point ofconsumption in order to meet some requirements,for example,of customers or corporations.The resources managed in logistics caninclude physical(有形的) items,such as food,materials,equipment,liquids,and staff(员工),as well as abstract (抽象的)items,such as time,information,particles？(微粒, 粒子) , andenergy(效能).
Logisticsundoubtedly plays an important role in thesupply chain and it is part of the supply chain process. Generally, logisticsfocuses on the actual transportation and storage of good.
Logistics Process(物流流程)
The interrelated（相互关联的） nature of the five areas of logistical work involves:(1)order processing; (2)inventory; (3)transportation; (4)warehousing, materials handling, and packaging; and (5)facility network design. Integrated work(一体化作业) related to these functional areas creates the capabilities(能力) needed to achieve logistical value.
ILM= Integrated Logistic Management 综合物流管理
Order Processing（订单处理）
Order processing is the receipt and transmission (传送) of sales order information. When quickly and accurately carried out(执行，实行), order processing contributes to（有助于，对…有贡献）customers' satisfaction, decreased costs and cycle time(流通时间), and increased profits. In most supply chains, customer requirements are transmitted （传递，传送）in the form of orders.
Order processing involves three main tasks: order entry,（订单录入）order handling（订单处理） and order delivering（订单交付）. The processing of these orders involves all aspects of managing customer requirements from initial（最初的） order receipt, delivery,invoicing(开发票), to collection（收款）. The logistics capabilities of a firm can only be as good as（和…几乎一样，实际上等于…）its order processing competency（能力）.
Inventory（库存）
The inventory requirements of a firm are directly linked to the facility network and the desired(期望的) level of customer service. Theoretically(理论上), a firm could stock every item （to be） sold in a facility （which is ）dedicated to(致力于，专用于)service each customer. Few business operations could afford（承担得起，负担得起） such a luxurious(奢侈的) inventory commitment(存货量) because the risk and total cost would be prohibitive(禁止的). Therefore, the objective in inventory strategy is to achieve desired customer service with minimum inventory commitment, consistent with(符合；与…一致) lowest total cost.
Usually, a sound(合理的) inventory strategy is based on a combination of five aspects of selective deployment(调度，部署): core customer segmentation(分离), product profitability（产品利润率）, transportation integration（运输整合）, time-based performance（时间绩效）, and competitive performance.(竞争性绩效）.
Transportation（运输）
Transportation is the operational area of logistics thatgeographically moves and positions inventory. It is avital(至关重要的) component(成分) in thedesign and management of logistics system. There are three important factorsto transport performance: cost, speed and consistency(稳定性,一致性). In designing a logistic system,a delicate(微妙的) balance must be maintained between the cost and servicequality. In some circumstances, low-costand slow transportation is satisfactory. In other situations, faster servicemay be essential to(对…必不可少的；对…必要的)achieving operating goals, Finding and managing thedesired transportation mix across the supplychain is a primary（首要的，主要的） responsibility of logistics.
Warehousing, MaterialsHanding, and Packaging（仓储，物料加工，及包装）
Warehousing, material handling, and packaging are all an integral part(组成部分) of other logistics areas. Inventorytypically needs to be warehoused atselected times during the logistics process. Transportation vehicles require materials handling for efficient loading andunloading. Finally, the individual products are most efficiently handled when packaged together into shipping cartons （纸箱）or other unit loads(suchas cases, boxes, bags, drums货载单位). When effectively integrated into an enterprise’s logistical operations,warehousing, materials handling, and packaging facilitate(促进)the speedand overall(全面的，总体的) ease(便利) ofproduct flow throughout the logistical system.
Facility Network Design(设施网络设计)
Facility network design is concerned with（关注，涉及）determining the number, locationand ownership（权属） arrangement of all types offacilities required to perform logistics work. It is also necessary todetermine what inventory and how much to stock at each facility as well as thecustomer service area of each facility. The facility network creates（创建）a structure（架构） fromwhich logistical operations are performed. Thus，the network integrates information and transportationcapabilities. Specific work tasks related to processing customer orders, warehousinginventory, and materials handling are all performed（执行，完成），within the facility network.//
Third Party Logistics(第三方物流)
Third Party Logistics (3PL or TPL) refers to a process whereby the logistics of a company is outsourced (外包) and managed by another company.Though the most commonly outsourced logistics activity is transportation, third party logistics may include warehousing, supply chain management, and order fulfillment(订单履行).
Third Party Logistics providers typically specialize in（专注于…）integrated (整合的，一体化的)operation, warehousing and transportation services that can be scaled（测量）and customized（定制） to customers′ needs based on market conditions, demands and delivery service requirement for their products and materials. Often, these services go beyond（超出）logistics and include value–added(增值的) services related to the production or procurement（采购） of goods services that integrate（组成）parts of the supply chain.
