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1 电子教材
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2 视频学习
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3 知识点测验
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4 拓展学习
1. Functions of Marine Bills of Lading
Marine bills of lading（海运提单） performa number of （许多）functions. Generally：
❶ it is receipt for the goods shipped,
❷ a document of title（物权凭证） to the goods，
❸ evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea.
2. Types of Marine Bills of Lading
Order bills of lading (指示提单)refer to bills of lading made out（制作成） to the order of shipper or to order. An order bill of lading is a negotiable document（转让文件） and can be transferred（转让） by endorsement(背书).
Straight bills of lading(记名提单) are those made out to named consignees （具名的收货人）without the addition of the words. They are not negotiable and cannot be transferred to the third parties. Delivery of goods, therefore, can only be taken by the named consignee.
Shipped bills oflading(已装船提单) state definitely（清楚的，明确的） that the goods have been loaded. They confirm that the goods are actually on board the vessels.
Received for shipment bills of lading(收货待运提单) state that the goods have been received for shipment, and do not indicate（表明，指出） the actual date of loading.
Clean bills of lading (清洁提单) bear an indication that the goods were received without damages, irregularities (异常)or short shipment（短装）, usually the wording “apparent good order and condition（外表状况良好）” is indicated on the B/L.
Unclean bills oflading (不清洁提单) refer to bills of lading indicating the goods were received with damages, irregularities or short shipment, usually the words “unclean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L, for example, “insufficient packing”,（包装不良/包装不固） “missing safety seal（短少安全封条）” and “one carton short”(短少一纸箱).
Anti-datedB/L 倒签提单
AdvancedB/L 预借提单
Surrendered B/L 电放提单
Longform B/L 全式提单
Shortform B/L 简式提单
3. Issuing （签发）Marine Bills of Lading
When the goods have been taken over by the carrier or have been loaded on board, the carrier shall issue to the shipper bills of lading. The bill of lading may be signed by a person authorized （授权） by the carrier (that is the carrier's agent).
A bill of lading signed by the master（船长）of the ship carrying the goods is deemed（认为） to have been signed on behalf of the carrier. Anysignature（签名） by the carrier, master or agent must be identified as（被识别为是，被认为是） that of the carrier, master or agent. Any signature by an agent must indicate whether the agent has signed for or on behalf of the carrier or for or on behalf of the master.
A valid signature should be as one of the following:
1.Xxx , AS CARRIER OF XXX
2.Xxx , AS AGENT FOR THE CARRIER OF XXX
3.XXX, AS MATER OF XXX
4. XXX, AS AGENT FOR THE MASTER OF XXX
The bills of lading must show（显示） how many signed originals were issued and all originals（正本）have equal value, that is, all have the same validity（有效性）. When one of the originals has been surrendered（交回） to the carrier, the others became invalid. In practice, a set of three originals is the most common.
