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Marine cargo transportation constitutes（构成、组成） the principal（主要的） mode of international cargo transportation and is estimated（估计） to carry about 90 percent of international trade in terms of（在…方面）volume（货量）. Consequently, it is very important for the freight forwarders to be able to identify the knowledge relating to carriage of goods by sea so as to（以便于） be able to provide all efficient services.

 Container Liner（班轮）  Shipping

1.Definition(定义) of Container

In accordance to ISO（国际标准化组织） definition container is a kind of transport equipment（设备）. A container should be (1) a permanent（永久的） character(特性) and accordingly strong enough to be suitable for repeated（反复）use; (2)specially designed to facilitate（促进，使容易） the carriage of goods, by one or more modes of transport, without intermediate（中间的） reloading（换装）; (3) fitted with devices（装置）permitting（允许）its ready（现成的；迅速的）handling（操作，处理）, particularly its transfer from one mode of transport to another; (4)so designed as to be easy to fill（填装） and empty（卸空）;(5) having an internal volume（容积） of 1cubic meter or more.

2.Types of Container

Container types（类型） can be classified（分类） according to the intended（有打算的，准备） purpose of the container. In container liner shipping, containers are classified as general purpose (GP, dry cargo) container and specific purpose container. General purpose container (GP) is suitable for the widest varieties of cargo and specific purpose container is suitable for the specific cargo. Specific purpose containers include bulk container（散装货集装箱）, reefer container（冷藏集装箱）, open-top container（开顶集装箱）, platform based container（框架集装箱）, live animal,  and plant? overwidth &overlength(oversized cargo), tank container（罐式集装箱）, car container, high cube container 超高柜（HQ, 40’HQ,40’GP,40’LQ）etc., GOH (garment on hanger) container,挂衣柜, flat rack 平板箱。

3.Main Routes of Container Transportation

An international freight forwarder should be familiar with international trade routes（线路）. He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes, location of ports, transshipment points（转运地） and inland centers（内陆中心）. There are three major routes of container transportation: Far East to North America, Far East to Europe and Mediterranean(地中海), North America to Europe and Mediterranean. The route “Far East to North America” covers the major NorthAmerica ports of Montreal（蒙特利尔）, Toronto（多伦多）, Vancouver（温哥华）, Boston（波士顿）, New York, Charleston（查尔斯顿）,Norfolk（诺福克）, Tacoma（塔克马）, Oakland（奥克兰）, Los Angeles（洛杉矶）, and the major Far East ports of Shanghai, Hong Kong, Pusan, Tokyo（东京）, Singapore, Manila（马尼拉）. The route“Far East to Europe and Mediterranean” covers major European ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Felixstowe（费利克斯托）, Barcelona, Le Havre（勒阿弗尔）, Napoli（那不勒斯）, Marseilles（马赛）.

4.Carrier’s Responsibilities

The responsibilities of the carrier with regard to（关于） the goods carried in containers covers the entire period during which the carrieris in charge of（负责，主管） the goods, starting from the time the carrier has taken over（接收） the goods at the port of loading（装货港）, until the goods have been delivered at the port of discharge（卸货港）.

1.The carrier shall be bound（有义务的，受约束的） before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence（谨慎处理，克尽职责） to make the ship seaworthy (适航的). 适航责任

2.The carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried. （管货责任）

3. The carrier shall carry the goods to the port of discharge on the agreed（约定的） or customary（习惯上的） or geographically（地理上的）direct route.（不得进行不合理绕航的责任）

5. Container Liner Shipping Documents

The documents commonly（通常） used in carriage of goods by sea are booking notes (B/N), dockreceipts (D/R), bills of lading (B/L), sea waybills (SWB),manifests (M/F),delivery orders(D/O).

A booking note（订舱单）is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation（分配，配置） of shipping space(舱位）. It is a commitment（承诺，保证） on the part of（就…而言） the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis（为基础）for the preparation of the bill of lading.

A dock receipt（场站收据）is a document issued by carrier to acknowledge（确认） receipt of cargo at the carrier's shipping terminal（码头）. The bill of lading will be issued by carrier based on information in the dock receipt. A dock receipt is subsequently (随后地)exchanged for the marine bill of lading.

A bill of lading（提单）is a document which serves as（充当）an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea（海上运输货物） and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and based on which the carrier undertakes to deliver （交付）the goods against（凭借） surrendering（交回） the same.

 A sea waybill（海运单） is the replacement（代替）of the traditional ocean bill of lading. The waybill is a non-negotiable （不可转让）documentand made out（制作成） to a consignee who is allowed（允许，认可）, upon production(出示) of proper identification（身份证明）, to claim the goods without presenting（呈递） the waybill.

Q: The sea waybill is a document of title to the goods shipped.(x)

A cargo manifest（舱单） provides information regarding（关于） cargo on board. The manifest is prepared by the carrier's agent but the freight forwarders have to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities（港务局）

A delivery order（提货单）is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of （提取）the cargo from the vessel.

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