Passage 1

Listen to a short passage and choose the best answer to each question you hear.

1 A Two.

B Three.

C Four.

D Five.

2 A Female bosses usually criticize them for their wrong doings.

B Female bosses usually take no account of their situations.

C Female bosses usually encourage them and guide them.

D Female bosses usually enjoy working with hem.

3 A Because they are more likely to be dismissed for poor work.

B Because they want to do better than male managers.

C Because they are quite good at solving problems.

D Because they are barely functioning managers.

4 A Women managers are better managers than men.

B Women managers often face a double standard.

C Women managers are widely accepted and approved.

D Women managers are recognized as more effective.

Passage 1 Scripts

As a researcher on managerial behavior, I have read hundreds of studies that have compared women and men as managers. On average, when all of that research is summarized, some differences do show up.

As with all averages, there are many exceptions. But here's what we know from the research:

First, women are less "bossy", probably because people dislike bossy women even more than bossy men. As a result, female managers are more ready to work together with others and more democratic than male managers. Second, compared with men, women use a more positive approach by encouraging and urging others rather than a negative approach of criticizing and blaming them. Third, women attend more to the individuals they work with, by guiding them and taking their particular situations into account.

Finally, there is the matter of getting the job done efficiently. Most managers, male and female, get their work done in a timely way, but some do not. When you find one of those barely functioning managers -that is, someone who avoids solving problems and just doesn't get the job done, that person is more likely to be a man than. a woman. Why? Perhaps because a woman would be fired or demoted more quickly for poor management. 

So, are women better managers than men? In terms of their day-to-day actions, women managers should have advantages. But the answer is really not so simple because managers do well only if people accept their authority.

In roles that have been held mainly by men, women's competence is often questioned. In these situations, women managers can face a double standard. They have to be extra-competent to be recognized as effective. Where women managers are more common, this type of bias is less likely to prevail.

Questions

1 How many differences between female and male managers are mentioned in the passage?

2 How do the female bosses treat the individuals they work with?

3 What is the possible reason that female managers are more likely to get their work done on time?

4 What can we learn from the passage about women managers?