倒装

1. 全部倒装

倒装是语言中的一种强调手段，通常将正常语序中较晚出现的成分移至句首。倒装主要分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装全部倒装又称主谓倒装，把整个谓语置于主语之前。这类倒装主要出现在如下句型中：状语+谓语+主语或表语+谓语+主语

比如：

Here comes the bus.

Away went the car.

There, in the distance, stands a big tree.

First came the president and then his wife.

Equally inexplicable（难以理解的）was his behavior towards his son.

Sitting around her were her children.

需要注意，在状语+谓语+主语句型中，如果主语为代词，主语和动词部分不倒装。如：

Away they went.

There he comes.

2. 部分倒装

部分倒装常出现在以下几种情况中：

1). 句首为否定副词或带有否定意义的词组时常见词(组)有never, nowhere, no sooner (…than), not until,  infrequently, little, rarely, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, not only, in no way, by no means, in/under no circumstances等。例如：

    Neither do we know how the universe began, or how it will end—if, indeed, it ends at all.

    Never will anybody move without a force strong enough to overcome the resistance.

    Never has my brother been abroad before.

    Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door.

    No sooner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there.

2). only置于句首，修饰状语(从句)时

    Only in this way can we accomplish it on time.

    Only as the air bubbles out（排出）does the water fill the container.

3). 句首为表示方式及频度的副词时

    Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemical.

    Well do I remember the day when it happened.

    Often had I intended to speak of it.

4). 以so (…that)开头的句子

    So great was the destruction that the south took decades to recover.

    So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given  

    more pay.

5). as引导的让步状语从句中，表示状态、情形的形容词置于句首。

    Prominent (卓越的) as he is in his field, he remains easy-going.

    Wealthy as he is, I don't envy him.

6). 在省略了if的虚拟条件句中

    Were I you, I wouldn't feel sorry.

    Had the captain been more careful, his ship would not have been sunk.

    Should the weather be wet, the meeting would not be held.

省略与替代

省略

1. 某一句子成分的省略

   （I）Beg your pardon?

   （There） Must be somebody waiting for you.

    We’ll do the best we can（do）.

    Only one of us was seriously injured, and he（was injured） just slightly.

     Which of them is the better choice? —Well, it’ hard to tell（it）

    Let’ do the dishes. I’ll wash（dishes）and you dry（dishes）.

    Is this your bike? —Yes, it is（mine）.

    He’ a real man. —Who is（a real man）?

    If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty（of that firewood）.

    That letter was the last（I ever received from her）.

2. 多个句子成分的省略

    （I’ll say）A word about your composition.

    （It is）Interesting, isn’t it?

    （Is there）Anybody in?

    （Have you）Got a light?

     How could you（say so） ?

     Why（do you）not go by bus?

     Which is the best? —The red one（is the best）.

     Have you finished the work? —Yes, I have （finished it）.

3. 从句或整句省略

    He paused as if（he were）expecting Jenny to speak.

    When（she was）asked about it, she only smiled without giving any answer.

    It is easier to make a plan than（it is）to carry it out.

    Do you like the film? —Oh, （I like it）very much.

    Shall I make a fair copy of it? —Yes,（you can make a fair copy of it） if time permits.

    You would do the same（if you were in my position）.

    I asked her when she would leave, and she said she didn’t know（when she would leave）.

替代

1.名词性替代

  名词性替代是指用替代词代替名词或名词词组。常见的名词替代词有代词one/ones, the same, the kind, the sort等。如： 

   The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. （one = book）

   Today’ libraries are quite different from those of the past. （those = the libraries）

   I’ll have two boiled eggs, please. —I’d like the same. （the same = two boiled eggs）

2. 动词性替代

动词性替代是指用替代词代替动词或动词短语。常见的动词替代词有do, do so等。如：

John speaks French as fluently as he does German. （does = speaks）

He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so. （do so = tell me the news）

I like playing football. —So do I. （So do I. = I like playing football, too.）

Mary will enter the competition. —So will Joan. （So will Joan. = Joan will enter the competition.）

3. 句子替代

   句子替代是指用替代词代替整个从句。主要替代词有so 和not。如：

    —Do you think he’ll come tomorrow?

    —Yes, I think so. （so = that he’ll come tomorrow） No, I think not. （not = that he’ll not come tomorrow） 

省略与替代的关系

 为了使句子简洁、明了或承接上下文，省略和替代常被交替使用，但两者作用不同，省略着眼于减少用词、缩短句子、避免重复和语言的冗长累赘，而替代则用于替代句子中的词语，避免重复，使语言简洁，一目了然。当两种可能性同时存在而又要决定取舍时，为使语言更为简洁，往往采取省略而不是替代。例如：

She might sing tonight, but I don’t think she will (sing tonight).

She might sing tonight, but I don’t think she will do so. (she will sing tonight)

第一个例子采用省略，第二个例子采用替代，一般取前者舍后者。