综述

   在英语中，不是用于句子谓语而是用于担任其他语法功能的动词叫做非谓语动词，也称作动词的非限定形式。

  非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式（the Infinitive），分词（the Participle）和动名词（the Gerund）。

不定式构成与形式

不定式由不定式符号“to”＋动词原形构成（有时不带to）。前面可以加某些疑问代词，如what、who、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成特殊的不定式短语，如what to do next, how to get there等。

不定式的形式有 

	主动形式	被动形式
一般式	to do	to be done
完成式	to have done	to have been done
进行式	to be doing
完成进行式	to have been doing

不定式用法

不定式不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，而且还保留着动词的特征，

因而可以有状语修饰，如果是及物动词，还可以带宾语，从而构成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语在句中

可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。

1. 作主语

To make a plan for our future is important.

How to get enough capital is still a question.

It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.

2. 作表语

The important thing is to save lives.

What he wanted to do was to wash his hands of it.

3. 作宾语

I like to go for a walk in the warm sunshine.

We must remember to follow the safety rule.

常用不定式作宾语的动词有：agree, want, like, ask, wish, hate, hope, decide, fail, intend, manage, promise, forget, plan, need, mean, pretend, choose, remember, care, continue, require 等。

4. 作定语

She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.

He was always the first to come and the last to leave.

There are some things to be grateful for.

5. 作状语

She decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.

6作主语补足语

It is reported to be true.

The education of the young is seen to be of primary importance. 

7. 作宾语补足语

Please remind me to take my medicine tomorrow.

They didn’t allow her to park the car in this street.

有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to。这种动词有两类：一类是感官动词，如 feel, see, hear, watch, notice等；另一类是使役动词，如make, let, have等。如：

Did you notice him leave the house?

They made the boy go to bed early.

8作插入语

不定式作插入语多为一些固定短语， 如: to start with, to be sure, to tell the truth等。例如：

To tell the truth, I don’t know how to do the work at all.

To start with, some general ideas will be given.

9作同位语

不定式可作名词的同位语，说明所修饰的名词的具体内容，一般常用逗号、破折号或分号隔开。例如：

His ambition, to be a well-known scientist, was never fulfilled.

We all have a common desire—to wish our country stronger.

不定式时态与语态

1. 完成式

    I am sorry to have kept you waiting.

    To have known her is an honor.

2. 进行式

    They seem to be getting along quite well.

    He pretended to be listening attentively.

3. 完成进行式

    It has been raining continually for a week.

    John is said to have been studying for a whole morning.

4. 被动式

    I wish to be excused.

    He was very pleased to have been given such an opportunity.

分词构成与形式

分词有两种形式，即现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）。现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成；过去分词（除不规则动词外）由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。二者的区别主要是：现在分词表示主动意义，正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动意义，已经完成了的动作。如：

burning forest燃烧着的森林（主动，即森林自己在燃烧）

burned skin烧伤了的皮肤（被动，即皮肤被火烧伤）

developing countries发展中国家（这些国家正在发展）

developed countries发达国家（这些国家已经得到了发展）

现在分词的形式有：

	主动形式	被动形式
一般式	doing	being done
完成式	having done	having been done

过去分词因为本身就表示被动与完成的意义，所以只  有一种形式done。

分词用法

分词主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句中可作定语、表语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。

1. 作定语

Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise.

We can only see the part of the moon lighted by the sunlight.

2. 作表语

The story of his life sounds interesting.

He appeared satisfied with our performance.

3. 作状语

构成分词的动词和句子的主语构成主谓关系即主动关系时用现在分词，而两者若构成动宾关系即被动关系时则用过去分词。

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

Given better attention, the trees could grow better.

4. 作主语补足语

The machine will be kept running for two days.

Our views have to be made known to them all.

5. 作宾语补足语

I heard someone knocking at the door.

You should keep her informed of what is going on here.

比较：see, feel, hear, watch, notice等动词后既可以接不带to的不定式也可以接现在分词作宾语补足语，但二者在意义上是不同的。现在分词表示动作在进行，即非全过程；不定式表示动作的完成，即全过程。如：

She saw the man getting on the truck.(正在往车上爬)

She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.(已经爬上了车)

现在分词时态与语态

1. 完成式

Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV.

Not having met him, I can’t tell you what he is like.

2. 被动式

The house being built is a big project.

Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.

3. 完成被动式

Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up?

    Having been told that some guests were coming, she shopped all morning in that supermarket.

动名词构成与形式

分词有两种形式，即现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）。除不规则动词外，现在分词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成；过去分词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。二者的区别主要是：现在分词表示主动意义，正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动意义，已经完成了的动作。如：

burning forest燃烧着的森林（主动，即森林自己在燃烧）

burned skin烧伤了的皮肤（被动，即皮肤被火烧伤）

developing countries 发展中国家（这些国家正在发展）

developed countries发达国家（这些国家已经得到了发展）

动名词形式与现在分词相同，即由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。

动名词的形式有：

	主动形式	被动形式
一般式	doing	being done
完成式	having done	having been done

动名词用法

动名词，顾名思义，既有动词也有名词的某些特征。可带有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。但不可作状语。是否能作状语是现在分词和动名词的重要区别。

1. 作主语

Smoking is not good for your health.

It is a waste of time discussing such matters.

2. 作宾语

For many years, he has never stopped reading English.

On hearing that Tom had passed his examination, I rang him up.

常用动名词作宾语的动词及短语动词有：stop, mind, enjoy, finish, avoid, deny, miss, escape, consider, admit, risk, complete, can’t help, give up, leave off, put off, keep on等

3. 作表语

What he likes is playing chess after supper.

The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customer.

4. 作定语

He may be in the reading room, for all I know.

The turning speed of the new machine is much higher than that of the old one.

比较：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语有所不同：动名词和它所修饰的名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，它多表示被修饰的名词的功能、用途；而现在分词作定语，它与所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，前者是后者发出的动作。如：

动名词		现在分词
sleeping-car	卧车	sleeping child	酣睡的孩子
working method	工作方法	working people	劳动人民
singing practice	歌咏练习	singing girl	歌女

动名词时态与语态

1. 完成式

He regretted having shot the bird.

I apologize for not having kept my promise.

2. 被动式

She didn’t mind being left alone at home.

He insisted on being treated as an ordinary employee.

3. 完成被动式

After having been interviewed, he was offered the job.

He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.