英语词汇学第五章课后练习

Questions and Tasks

1.  What is reference?

2.  What is concept?

3.  What is sense?

4.  What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of 'arbitrariness' and 'conventionality' concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses?

5.  What are the four types of motivation? Explain them with examples.

6.  Match the words in Column A with those in Column B.

         A                            B

apes                          sing/twitter

birds                          gibber

cattle                          coo

crickets                        gobble

doves                         chatter

foxes                          bleat

geese                          howl

sheep                          laugh

wolves                        cry

monkeys                       yelp

pigs                           gabble

hyenas(鬣狗)                       grunt

turkeys                         low

swans                         chirp

7.  What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?

8.  What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?

9.   What connotations do you think the word atomic might have for each of the following people?

a.  A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power.

b.  A Japanese resident of Hiroshima.

c.  A student of nuclear physics.

10.  All the words talkative, articulate(明确表达) , gossip, garrulous(喋喋不休) , rambling(说话散漫的；不连贯的) , fluent, gabby(<口>健谈的；饶舌的) , mouthy(话多的，唠叨的)  can describe a person's ability of speech. What impression do you obtain of the person with the use of each of the words?

11.  Put the following groups of words under Appreciative, Neutral and Pejorative. Note that not words of every group fit neatly under the three categories.

a.  fastidious(爱挑剔的；难讨好的) , fussy(过分苛求的；难以取悦的；爱挑剔的), particular

b.  critical, fault-finding, picky(过分讲究的；吹毛求疵的)

c.  fad(时尚，一时的狂热) , vogue(时尚，时髦物；流行) , style

d.  cunning(狡猾的；灵巧的，熟练的) , artful(狡猾的，欺诈的；熟练的，有技巧的), sly(狡猾的，诡诈的<口>灵巧的，巧妙的)

e.   unstable, fickle(感情异变的，无常的), capricious(任性的，反复无常的；变换莫测的)

f.  backward, developing, underdeveloped

g.  encourage, instigate(唆使，怂恿) , promote 

h.  clique(派系，小集团) , gang, group

12.  What are semantic features?

13.  What are the merits and demerits of componential analysis?

14.  Try to analyze the following words in terms of semantic opposition ( ± HUMAN), (±MALE),  [±ADULT), (± BOVINE)(牛的；牛类动物) , [±GALLINE)(禽类) .

     bull                  cow           calf

     rooster               hen            chicken