第一节 保险追偿与理赔
一、概述
保险人向人第三者（运输公司、港口以及卖方等）索回已支付给被保险人的赔款，称之为追偿（Subrogation）。
被保险人提交授权书，保险人才可以对第三者进行追偿。
（一）区别
1. 先赔偿，后追偿
2. 追偿成功与否与赔偿无关。
3. 追偿的对象与理赔的对象不同
（二）联系
1. 追偿是理赔的一部分工作，是理赔的延续。
2. 追偿与理赔的顺序不能颠倒。
3. 追偿与赔偿金额保持一致
三、追偿条件
Enclosure: LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION(LOA)
John Smith，the buyer of the goods hereby authorizes PICC Guangdong branch to be true and lawful representative from the date of this letter of authorization to act for and on behalf of the Company with legally binding effect to make claims to you. And we acknowledge all the contents contained in the claims signed by the authorized representative.
Name of the Company：John Smith (official seal)
Legal representative： John Smith (signature)
Authorized representative：Zhiming Zhang (signature)
Date：May 12, 2019.
二、追偿的依据
（一）法律依据
1．承运人的义务
（1）承运人应提供适航的船舶
（2）承运人应适当和谨慎地装载、搬运、积载、运送、保管、照料和卸载所承运的货物。
2．承运人的免责事项
（1）act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants of the carrier in the navigation or in the management of the ship;
（2）fire, unless caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier;
（3）perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters;
（4）act of God;
（5）act of war;
（6）act of public enemies;
（7）arrest or restraint of princes, rulers or people, or seizure under legal process;
（8）quarantine restrictions;
（9）act or omission of the shipper or owner of the goods, his agent or representative
（10）strikes or lock-outs or stoppage or restraint of labor from whatever cause, whether partial or general;
（11）riots and civil commotions;
（12）saving or attempting to save life or property at sea;
(13) wastage in bulk or weight or any other loss or damage arising from inherent defect, quality or vice of the goods;
(14) insufficiency of packing;
(15) insufficiency or inadequacy of marks;
(16) latent defects not discoverable by due diligence;
(17) any other cause arising without the actual fault and privity of the carrier, or without the fault or neglect of the agents or servants of the carrier.
3．承运人的责任期限
从货物装到船上时起至货物从船上卸下时止
4．承运人的赔偿限额
（1）《海牙规则》每件货物赔偿100英镑。
（2）《维斯比规则》每件货物赔偿10,000金法郎或666.67特别提款权；或每公斤赔偿限额30金法郎或2特别提款权，以高者为准。
（3）《汉堡规则》删除了船方的一切免责条款，每件835特别提款权，或每公斤2.5特别提款权。
我国承运人赔偿限额，采纳了《维斯比规则》的规定，按每件666.67特别提款权，或者每公斤为2特别提款权，以高者为准。
（二）合同依据
一般分为货物运输合同和提单两种。
1．货物运输合同（cargo transportation contract）
see the form：
2．提单（Bill of Lading）
see the form
三. 追偿程序、追偿时效
（一）追偿程序
1．立案审核
（1）索赔函
We refer to a shipment of textile transported to Helsinki which is shipped on board the vessel Seagull. From the enclosed documents, you'll note that the goods is damaged or in shortage. According to B/L clauses, you, as the carrier, should be held responsible for the damage to and /or loss of the goods. As the underwriters, we have paid the loss to the consignees in sum of $15,000 and would request you to reimburse us for the same amount as soon as possible.
We are waiting for your reply and enclosing the supporting documents for your reference as follows:
① Our statement of claims;
② Bill of Lading;
③ Invoice;
④ Survey Report;
⑤ Tally Sheet;
⑥ Receipt and Subrogation Form;
（2）催复函、延期函
We refer to our letter dated May 1st, 2016 and one month has passed by since then, we have no responses from you.
It's trusted that you have finished your investigation and therefore you are kindly requested to pay more attention to it.
As the time limit for this claim will expire on June 1st, 2016, we shall appreciate your settlement prior to that date. If not, please grant us an extension of the limit for a further two months as from today.
We are waiting for your earliest reply.
（3）收到赔款，并同意结案的函
We acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt of your remittance for the sum of $15,000 in settlement to the claim and enclose herewith our receipt.
Please accept our regards.
2.扣船
法院具有执法权。
3. 结案
保险公司收到第三方的赔款后，编制“红字”赔款计算书，并存档。
