US Hegemony and Its Perils

2023-02-20 16:28

US Hegemony and Its Perils

February 2023

Contents

Introduction

I. Political Hegemony—Throwing Its Weight Around

II. Military Hegemony—Wanton Use of Force 

III. Economic Hegemony—Looting and Exploitation

IV. Technological Hegemony—Monopoly and Suppression

V. Cultural Hegemony—Spreading False Narratives

Conclusion

Introduction

Since becoming the world's most powerful country after the two world wars and the Cold War, the United States has acted more boldly to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, pursue, maintain and abuse hegemony, advance subversion and infiltration, and willfully wage wars, bringing harm to the international community.

The United States has developed a hegemonic playbook to stage "color revolutions," instigate regional disputes, and even directly launch wars under the guise of promoting democracy, freedom and human rights. Clinging to the Cold War mentality, the United States has ramped up bloc politics and stoked conflict and confrontation. It has overstretched the concept of national security, abused export controls and forced unilateral sanctions upon others. It has taken a selective approach to international law and rules, utilizing or discarding them as it sees fit, and has sought to impose rules that serve its own interests in the name of upholding a "rules-based international order."

This report, by presenting the relevant facts, seeks to expose the U.S. abuse of hegemony in the political, military, economic, financial, technological and cultural fields, and to draw greater international attention to the perils of the U.S. practices to world peace and stability and the well-being of all peoples.

I. Political Hegemony -- Throwing Its Weight Around

The United States has long been attempting to mold other countries and the world order with its own values and political system in the name of promoting democracy and human rights.

◆ Instances of U.S. interference in other countries' internal affairs abound. In the name of "promoting democracy," the United States practiced a "Neo-Monroe Doctrine" in Latin America, instigated "color revolutions" in Eurasia, and orchestrated the "Arab Spring" in West Asia and North Africa, bringing chaos and disaster to many countries.

In 1823, the United States announced the Monroe Doctrine. While touting an "America for the Americans," what it truly wanted was an "America for the United States."

Since then, the policies of successive U.S. governments toward Latin America and the Caribbean Region have been riddled with political interference, military intervention and regime subversion. From its 61-year hostility toward and blockade of Cuba to its overthrow of the Allende government of Chile, U.S. policy on this region has been built on one maxim-those who submit will prosper; those who resist shall perish.

The year 2003 marked the beginning of a succession of "color revolutions" -- the "Rose Revolution" in Georgia, the "Orange Revolution" in Ukraine and the "Tulip Revolution" in Kyrgyzstan. The U.S. Department of State openly admitted playing a "central role" in these "regime changes." The United States also interfered in the internal affairs of the Philippines, ousting President Ferdinand Marcos Sr. in 1986 and President Joseph Estrada in 2001 through the so-called "People Power Revolutions."

In January 2023, former U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo released his new book Never Give an Inch: Fighting for the America I Love. He revealed in it that the United States had plotted to intervene in Venezuela. The plan was to force the Maduro government to reach an agreement with the opposition, deprive Venezuela of its ability to sell oil and gold for foreign exchange, exert high pressure on its economy, and influence the 2018 presidential election.

◆ The U.S. exercises double standards on international rules. Placing its self-interest first, the United States has walked away from international treaties and organizations, and put its domestic law above international law. In April 2017, the Trump administration announced that it would cut off all U.S. funding to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) with the excuse that the organization "supports, or participates in the management of a programme of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization." The United States quit UNESCO twice in 1984 and 2017. In 2017, it announced leaving the Paris Agreement on climate change. In 2018, it announced its exit from the UN Human Rights Council, citing the organization's "bias" against Israel and failure to protect human rights effectively. In 2019, the United States announced its withdrawal from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty to seek unfettered development of advanced weapons. In 2020, it announced pulling out of the Treaty on Open Skies.

The United States has also been a stumbling block to biological arms control by opposing negotiations on a verification protocol for the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and impeding international verification of countries' activities relating to biological weapons. As the only country in possession of a chemical weapons stockpile, the United States has repeatedly delayed the destruction of chemical weapons and remained reluctant in fulfilling its obligations. It has become the biggest obstacle to realizing "a world free of chemical weapons."

◆ The United States is piecing together small blocs through its alliance system. It has been forcing an "Indo-Pacific Strategy" onto the Asia-Pacific region, assembling exclusive clubs like the Five Eyes, the Quad and AUKUS, and forcing regional countries to take sides. Such practices are essentially meant to create division in the region, stoke confrontation and undermine peace.

◆ The U.S. arbitrarily passes judgment on democracy in other countries, and fabricates a false narrative of "democracy versus authoritarianism" to incite estrangement, division, rivalry and confrontation. In December 2021, the United States hosted the first "Summit for Democracy," which drew criticism and opposition from many countries for making a mockery of the spirit of democracy and dividing the world. In March 2023, the United States will host another "Summit for Democracy," which remains unwelcome and will again find no support.

II. Military Hegemony -- Wanton Use of Force

The history of the United States is characterized by violence and expansion. Since it gained independence in 1776, the United States has constantly sought expansion by force: it slaughtered Indians, invaded Canada, waged a war against Mexico, instigated the American-Spanish War, and annexed Hawaii. After World War II, the wars either provoked or launched by the United States included the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, the Libyan War and the Syrian War, abusing its military hegemony to pave the way for expansionist objectives. In recent years, the U.S. average annual military budget has exceeded 700 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 40 percent of the world's total, more than the 15 countries behind it combined. The United States has about 800 overseas military bases, with 173,000 troops deployed in 159 countries.

According to the book America Invades: How We've Invaded or been Militarily Involved with almost Every Country on Earth, the United States has fought or been militarily involved with almost all the 190-odd countries recognized by the United Nations with only three exceptions. The three countries were "spared" because the United States did not find them on the map.

◆ As former U.S. President Jimmy Carter put it, the United States is undoubtedly the most warlike nation in the history of the world. According to a Tufts University report, "Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A new Dataset on U.S. Military Interventions, 1776-2019," the United States undertook nearly 400 military interventions globally between those years, 34 percent of which were in Latin America and the Caribbean, 23 percent in East Asia and the Pacific, 14 percent in the Middle East and North Africa, and 13 percent in Europe. Currently, its military intervention in the Middle East and North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa is on the rise.

Alex Lo, a South China Morning Post columnist, pointed out that the United States has rarely distinguished between diplomacy and war since its founding. It overthrew democratically elected governments in many developing countries in the 20th century and immediately replaced them with pro-American puppet regimes. Today, in Ukraine, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, Pakistan and Yemen, the United States is repeating its old tactics of waging proxy, low-intensity, and drone wars.

◆ U.S. military hegemony has caused humanitarian tragedies. Since 2001, the wars and military operations launched by the United States in the name of fighting terrorism have claimed over 900,000 lives with some 335,000 of them civilians, injured millions and displaced tens of millions. The 2003 Iraq War resulted in some 200,000 to 250,000 civilian deaths, including over 16,000 directly killed by the U.S. military, and left more than a million homeless.

The United States has created 37 million refugees around the world. Since 2012, the number of Syrian refugees alone has increased tenfold. Between 2016 and 2019, 33,584 civilian deaths were documented in the Syrian fightings, including 3,833 killed by U.S.-led coalition bombings, half of them women and children. The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) reported on 9 November 2018 that the air strikes launched by U.S. forces on Raqqa alone killed 1,600 Syrian civilians.

The two-decades-long war in Afghanistan devastated the country. A total of 47,000 Afghan civilians and 66,000 to 69,000 Afghan soldiers and police officers unrelated to the September 11 attacks were killed in U.S. military operations, and more than 10 million people were displaced. The war in Afghanistan destroyed the foundation of economic development there and plunged the Afghan people into destitution. After the "Kabul debacle" in 2021, the United States announced that it would freeze some 9.5 billion dollars in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, a move considered as "pure looting."

In September 2022, Turkish Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu commented at a rally that the United States has waged a proxy war in Syria, turned Afghanistan into an opium field and heroin factory, thrown Pakistan into turmoil, and left Libya in incessant civil unrest. The United States does whatever it takes to rob and enslave the people of any country with underground resources.

The United States has also adopted appalling methods in war. During the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War, the United States used massive quantities of chemical and biological weapons as well as cluster bombs, fuel-air bombs, graphite bombs and depleted uranium bombs, causing enormous damage on civilian facilities, countless civilian casualties and lasting environmental pollution.

III. Economic Hegemony -- Looting and Exploitation

After World War II, the United States led efforts to set up the Bretton Woods System, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which, together with the Marshall Plan, formed the international monetary system centered around the U.S. dollar. In addition, the United States has also established institutional hegemony in the international economic and financial sector by manipulating the weighted voting systems, rules and arrangements of international organizations including "approval by 85 percent majority," and its domestic trade laws and regulations. By taking advantage of the dollar's status as the major international reserve currency, the United States is basically collecting "seigniorage" from around the world; and using its control over international organizations, it coerces other countries into serving America's political and economic strategy.

◆ The United States exploits the world's wealth with the help of "seigniorage." It costs only about 17 cents to produce a 100 dollar bill, but other countries had to pony up 100 dollar of actual goods in order to obtain one. It was pointed out more than half a century ago, that the United States enjoyed exorbitant privilege and deficit without tears created by its dollar, and used the worthless paper note to plunder the resources and factories of other nations.

◆ The hegemony of U.S. dollar is the main source of instability and uncertainty in the world economy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States abused its global financial hegemony and injected trillions of dollars into the global market, leaving other countries, especially emerging economies, to pay the price. In 2022, the Fed ended its ultra-easy monetary policy and turned to aggressive interest rate hike, causing turmoil in the international financial market and substantial depreciation of other currencies such as the Euro, many of which dropped to a 20-year low. As a result, a large number of developing countries were challenged by high inflation, currency depreciation and capital outflows. This was exactly what Nixon's secretary of the treasury John Connally once remarked, with self-satisfaction yet sharp precision, that "the dollar is our currency, but it is your problem."

◆ With its control over international economic and financial organizations, the United States imposes additional conditions to their assistance to other countries. In order to reduce obstacles to U.S. capital inflow and speculation, the recipient countries are required to advance financial liberalization and open up financial markets so that their economic policies would fall in line with America's strategy. According to the Review of International Political Economy, along with the 1,550 debt relief programs extended by the IMF to its 131 member countries from 1985 to 2014, as many as 55,465 additional political conditions had been attached.

◆ The United States willfully suppresses its opponents with economic coercion. In the 1980s, to eliminate the economic threat posed by Japan, and to control and use the latter in service of America's strategic goal of confronting the Soviet Union and dominating the world, the United States leveraged its hegemonic financial power against Japan, and concluded the Plaza Accord. As a result, Yen was pushed up, and Japan was pressed to open up its financial market and reform its financial system. The Plaza Accord dealt a heavy blow to the growth momentum of the Japanese economy, leaving Japan to what was later called "three lost decades."

◆ America's economic and financial hegemony has become a geopolitical weapon. Doubling down on unilateral sanctions and "long-arm jurisdiction," the United States has enacted such domestic laws as the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, and the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, and introduced a series of executive orders to sanction specific countries, organizations or individuals. Statistics show that U.S. sanctions against foreign entities increased by 933 percent from 2000 to 2021. The Trump administration alone has imposed more than 3,900 sanctions, which means three sanctions per day. So far, the United States had or has imposed economic sanctions on nearly 40 countries across the world, including Cuba, China, Russia, the DPRK, Iran and Venezuela, affecting nearly half of the world's population. "The United States of America" has turned itself into "the United States of Sanctions." And "long-arm jurisdiction" has been reduced to nothing but a tool for the United States to use its means of state power to suppress economic competitors and interfere in normal international business. This is a serious departure from the principles of liberal market economy that the United States has long boasted.

IV. Technological Hegemony -- Monopoly and Suppression

The United States seeks to deter other countries' scientific, technological and economic development by wielding monopoly power, suppression measures and technology restrictions in high-tech fields.

◆ The United States monopolizes intellectual property in the name of protection. Taking advantage of the weak position of other countries, especially developing ones, on intellectual property rights and the institutional vacancy in relevant fields, the United States reaps excessive profits through monopoly. In 1994, the United States pushed forward the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), forcing the Americanized process and standards in intellectual property protection in an attempt to solidify its monopoly on technology.

In the 1980s, to contain the development of Japan's semiconductor industry, the United States launched the "301" investigation, built bargaining power in bilateral negotiations through multilateral agreements, threatened to label Japan as conducting unfair trade, and imposed retaliatory tariffs, forcing Japan to sign the U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Agreement. As a result, Japanese semiconductor enterprises were almost completely driven out of global competition, and their market share dropped from 50 percent to 10 percent. Meanwhile, with the support of the U.S. government, a large number of U.S. semiconductor enterprises took the opportunity and grabbed larger market share.

◆ The United States politicizes, weaponizes technological issues and uses them as ideological tools. Overstretching the concept of national security, the United States mobilized state power to suppress and sanction Chinese company Huawei, restricted the entry of Huawei products into the U.S. market, cut off its supply of chips and operating systems, and coerced other countries to ban Huawei from undertaking local 5G network construction. It even talked Canada into unwarrantedly detaining Huawei's CFO Meng Wanzhou for nearly three years.

The United States has fabricated a slew of excuses to clamp down on China's high-tech enterprises with global competitiveness, and has put more than 1,000 Chinese enterprises on sanction lists. In addition, the United States has also imposed controls on biotechnology, artificial intelligence and other high-end technologies, reinforced export restrictions, tightened investment screening, suppressed Chinese social media apps such as TikTok and WeChat, and lobbied the Netherlands and Japan to restrict exports of chips and related equipment or technology to China.

The United States has also practiced double standards in its policy on China-related technological professionals. To sideline and suppress Chinese researchers, since June 2018, visa validity has been shortened for Chinese students majoring in certain high-tech-related disciplines, repeated cases have occurred where Chinese scholars and students going to the United States for exchange programs and study were unjustifiably denied and harassed, and large-scale investigation on Chinese scholars working in the United States was carried out.

◆ The United States solidifies its technological monopoly in the name of protecting democracy. By building small blocs on technology such as the "chips alliance" and "clean network," the United States has put "democracy" and "human rights" labels on high-technology, and turned technological issues into political and ideological issues, so as to fabricate excuses for its technological blockade against other countries. In May 2019, the United States enlisted 32 countries to the Prague 5G Security Conference in the Czech Republic and issued the Prague Proposal in an attempt to exclude China's 5G products. In April 2020, then U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the "5G clean path," a plan designed to build technological alliance in the 5G field with partners bonded by their shared ideology on democracy and the need to protect "cyber security." The measures, in essence, are the U.S. attempts to maintain its technological hegemony through technological alliances.

◆ The United States abuses its technological hegemony by carrying out cyber attacks and eavesdropping. The United States has long been notorious as an "empire of hackers," blamed for its rampant acts of cyber theft around the world. It has all kinds of means to enforce pervasive cyber attacks and surveillance, including using analog base station signals to access mobile phones for data theft, manipulating mobile apps, infiltrating cloud servers, and stealing through undersea cables. The list goes on.

U.S. surveillance is indiscriminate. All can be targets of its surveillance, be they rivals or allies, even leaders of allied countries such as former German Chancellor Angela Merkel and several French Presidents. Cyber surveillance and attacks launched by the United States such as "Prism," "Dirtbox," "Irritant Horn" and "Telescreen Operation" are all proof that the United States is closely monitoring its allies and partners. Such eavesdropping on allies and partners has already caused worldwide outrage. Julian Assange, the founder of Wikileaks, a website that has exposed U.S. surveillance programs, said that "do not expect a global surveillance superpower to act with honor or respect. There is only one rule: there are no rules."

V. Cultural Hegemony -- Spreading False Narratives

The global expansion of American culture is an important part of its external strategy. The United States has often used cultural tools to strengthen and maintain its hegemony in the world.

◆ The United States embeds American values in its products such as movies. American values and lifestyle are a tied product to its movies and TV shows, publications, media content, and programs by the government-funded non-profit cultural institutions. It thus shapes a cultural and public opinion space in which American culture reigns and maintains cultural hegemony. In his article The Americanization of the World, John Yemma, an American scholar, exposed the real weapons in U.S. cultural expansion: the Hollywood, the image design factories on Madison Avenue and the production lines of Mattel Company and Coca-Cola.

There are various vehicles the United States uses to keep its cultural hegemony. American movies are the most used; they now occupy more than 70 percent of the world's market share. The United States skilfully exploits its cultural diversity to appeal to various ethnicities. When Hollywood movies descend on the world, they scream the American values tied to them.

◆ American cultural hegemony not only shows itself in "direct intervention," but also in "media infiltration" and as "a trumpet for the world." U.S.-dominated Western media has a particularly important role in shaping global public opinion in favor of U.S. meddling in the internal affairs of other countries.

The U.S. government strictly censors all social media companies and demands their obedience. Twitter CEO Elon Musk admitted on 27 December 2022 that all social media platforms work with the U.S. government to censor content, reported Fox Business Network. Public opinion in the United States is subject to government intervention to restrict all unfavorable remarks. Google often makes pages disappear.

U.S. Department of Defense manipulates social media. In December 2022, The Intercept, an independent U.S. investigative website, revealed that in July 2017, U.S. Central Command official Nathaniel Kahler instructed Twitter's public policy team to augment the presence of 52 Arabic-language accounts on a list he sent, six of which were to be given priority. One of the six was dedicated to justifying U.S. drone attacks in Yemen, such as by claiming that the attacks were precise and killed only terrorists, not civilians. Following Kahler's directive, Twitter put those Arabic-language accounts on a "white list" to amplify certain messages.

◆The United States practices double standards on the freedom of the press. It brutally suppresses and silences media of other countries by various means. The United States and Europe bar mainstream Russian media such as Russia Today and the Sputnik from their countries. Platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube openly restrict official accounts of Russia. Netflix, Apple and Google have removed Russian channels and applications from their services and app stores. Unprecedented draconian censorship is imposed on Russia-related contents.

◆The United States abuses its cultural hegemony to instigate "peaceful evolution" in socialist countries. It sets up news media and cultural outfits targeting socialist countries. It pours staggering amounts of public funds into radio and TV networks to support their ideological infiltration, and these mouthpieces bombard socialist countries in dozens of languages with inflammatory propaganda day and night.

The United States uses misinformation as a spear to attack other countries, and has built an industrial chain around it: there are groups and individuals making up stories, and peddling them worldwide to mislead public opinion with the support of nearly limitless financial resources.

Conclusion

While a just cause wins its champion wide support, an unjust one condemns its pursuer to be an outcast. The hegemonic, domineering, and bullying practices of using strength to intimidate the weak, taking from others by force and subterfuge, and playing zero-sum games are exerting grave harm. The historical trends of peace, development, cooperation, and mutual benefit are unstoppable. The United States has been overriding truth with its power and trampling justice to serve self-interest. These unilateral, egoistic and regressive hegemonic practices have drawn growing, intense criticism and opposition from the international community.

Countries need to respect each other and treat each other as equals. Big countries should behave in a manner befitting their status and take the lead in pursuing a new model of state-to-state relations featuring dialogue and partnership, not confrontation or alliance. China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics, and rejects interference in other countries' internal affairs. The United States must conduct serious soul-searching. It must critically examine what it has done, let go of its arrogance and prejudice, and quit its hegemonic, domineering and bullying practices.

美国的霸权及其危险

2023-02-20 16:28

美国的霸权及其危险

二零二三年二月

内容

介绍

I.政治霸权的重量

微光军事霸权-肆意使用武力

罗马数字 3经济霸权-掠夺和剥削

增值技术霸权-垄断和压制

V.文化霸权-传播错误的叙述

结论

介绍

自成为世界上最强大的国家在两次世界大战和冷战后，美国已经更大胆地干涉其他国家的内政，追求、维护和滥用霸权，推进颠覆和渗透，故意发动战争，给国际社会带来伤害。

美国开发了一种霸权的剧本来上演“色彩革命”，煽动地区争端，甚至在促进民主、自由和人权的幌子下直接发动战争。坚持冷战心态，美国加大了集团政治力度，引发了冲突和对抗。它夸大了国家安全的概念，滥用了出口管制，并强迫对其他人实施单方面制裁。它对国际法和规则采取了一种选择性的方法，在它认为合适的时候利用或丢弃这些国际法和规则，并试图以维护“基于规则的国际秩序”的名义，强加符合其自身利益的规则。

本报告通过提供相关事实，旨在揭露美国在政治、军事、经济、金融、金融、技术和文化领域滥用霸权，并使国际社会更加关注美国对世界和平与稳定以及全体人民福祉的危险。

I.政治霸权，抛出它的重量

美国长期以来一直试图以促进民主和人权的名义，用其自己的价值观和政治制度来塑造其他国家和世界秩序。

◆关于美国干涉其他国家内政的实例比比皆是。美国以“促进民主”的名义，在拉丁美洲实行了“新门罗主义”，在欧亚大陆煽动了“色彩革命”，并在西亚和北非精心策划了“阿拉伯之春”，给许多国家带来了混乱和灾难。

1823年，美国宣布了门罗主义。在吹捧“美国人的美国”的同时，它真正想要的是“美国的美国”。

从那以后，美国历届政府对拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的政策都充斥着政治干预、军事干预和政权颠覆。从对古巴61年的敌意和封锁古巴到推翻智利阿连德政府，美国对该地区的政策建立在一条格言之上——屈服的人会繁荣；反抗的人将灭亡。

2003年标志着一系列“色彩革命”的开始——格鲁吉亚的“玫瑰革命”、乌克兰的“橙色革命”和吉尔吉斯斯坦的“郁金香革命”。美国国务院公开承认，在这些“政权更迭”中发挥了“核心作用”。美国还干涉菲律宾内政，通过所谓的“人民权力革命”推翻了老1986年费迪南德·马科斯总统和2001年约瑟夫·埃斯特拉达总统。

2023年1月，美国前国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥出版了他的新书《永不让步：为我所爱的美国而战》。他在信中透露，美国曾密谋干预委内瑞拉。该计划是迫使马杜罗政府与反对派达成协议，剥夺委内瑞拉出售石油和黄金换取外汇的能力，对其经济施加巨大压力，并影响2018年总统选举。

◆美国对国际规则实行双重标准。美国首先注重自身利益，但它已经放弃了国际条约和组织，并将其国内法置于国际法之上。2017年4月，特朗普政府宣布将切断美国对联合国人口基金（UNFPA）的所有资助，理由是该组织“支持或参与强制堕胎或非自愿绝育计划的管理”。美国曾在1984年和2017年两次退出联合国教科文组织组织。2017年，它宣布退出《关于气候变化的巴黎协定》。2018年，该组织宣布退出联合国人权理事会，理由是该组织对以色列的“偏见”以及未能有效保护人权。2019年，美国宣布退出《中程核力量条约》，以寻求不受限制地发展先进武器。2020年，它宣布退出了《开放天空条约》。

美国还反对就《生物武器公约》（BWC）的核查议定书进行谈判，并阻碍对各国与生物武器有关的活动进行国际核查，因此一直成为生物武器控制的绊脚石。作为唯一拥有化学武器储备的国家，美国一再推迟对化学武器的销毁，并且仍然不愿履行其义务。它已经成为实现“一个没有化学武器的世界”的最大障碍。

◆美国正在通过其联盟体系拼凑一些小集团。它一直在迫使亚太地区实施“印度-太平洋战略”，组建了五眼、Quad和AUKUS等独家俱乐部，并迫使该地区国家偏袒任何一方。这种做法基本上是为了在该地区造成分裂，加剧对抗和破坏和平。

◆美国武断地对其他国家的民主进行判断，并编造了一个“民主与威权主义”的错误叙述，以煽动疏远、分裂、竞争和对抗。2021年12月，美国主办了首届“民主峰会”，因嘲弄民主精神和分裂世界，遭到许多国家的批评和反对。2023年3月，美国将主办另一次“民主峰会”，这次峰会仍然不受欢迎，也将再次得到任何支持。

微光军事霸权，肆意使用武力

美国的历史以暴力和扩张为特征。自1776年获得独立以来，美国一直在寻求武力扩张：它屠杀印第安人，入侵加拿大，对墨西哥发动战争，煽动美西战争，并吞并了夏威夷。第二次世界大战后，战争引发或发起的美国包括朝鲜战争，越南战争，海湾战争，科索沃战争，阿富汗战争，伊拉克战争，利比亚战争和叙利亚战争，滥用其军事霸权为扩张主义的目标铺平道路。近年来，美国平均年军事预算超过7000亿美元，占全球军事预算的40%，超过15个国家的总和。美国有大约800个海外军事基地，在159个国家部署了17.3万名士兵。

根据《美国入侵：我们如何入侵或参与地球上几乎每个国家》一书，美国与几乎所有联合国承认的190多个国家作战或参与军事活动，只有三个例外。这三个国家被“幸免”了，因为美国在地图上没有找到它们。

◆正如美国前总统吉米·卡特所说，美国无疑是世界历史上最好战的国家。根据塔夫茨大学的一份报告，“介绍军事干预项目：一个新的数据集在美国军事干预，1776-2019，“美国进行了近400全球军事干预，34%在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，23%在东亚和太平洋，14%在中东和北非，和13%在欧洲。目前，它对中东、北非和撒哈拉以南非洲的军事干预正在增加。

《南华早报》的专栏作家亚历克斯·罗指出，自美国成立以来，美国很少区分外交和战争。在20世纪，它推翻了许多发展中国家的民主选举产生的政府，并立即用亲美的傀儡政权取代了它们。今天，在乌克兰、伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亚、叙利亚、巴基斯坦和也门，美国正在重复其旧的代理、低强度和无人机战争。

◆美国的军事霸权造成了人道主义悲剧。自2001年以来，美国以打击恐怖主义的名义发动的战争和军事行动已造成90多万人死亡，其中约33.5万人是平民，数百万人受伤，数千万人流离失所。2003年的伊拉克战争导致约20万至25万名平民死亡，其中包括超过1.6万人被美国军方直接杀害，并导致100多万人无家可归。

美国已经在世界各地造成了3700万难民。自2012年以来，仅叙利亚难民的数量就增加了10倍。2016年至2019年，叙利亚战斗中有33584名平民死亡，其中3833人死于美国领导的联军爆炸事件，其中一半是妇女和儿童。美国公共广播服务公司（PBS）于2018年11月9日报道称，仅美军对拉卡发动的空袭就造成1600名叙利亚平民死亡。

长达二十年的阿富汗战争摧毁了这个国家。与911袭击无关的47000名阿富汗平民和66000至69000名阿富汗士兵和警察在美国的军事行动中丧生，1000多万人流离失所。阿富汗战争摧毁了阿富汗经济发展的基础，使阿富汗人民陷入贫困。在2021年的“喀布尔崩溃”之后，美国宣布将冻结属于阿富汗中央银行的约95亿美元资产，此举被认为是“纯粹的抢劫”。

2022年9月，土耳其内政部长苏莱曼·索伊卢在一次集会上评论说，美国在叙利亚发动了一场代理战争，把阿富汗变成了鸦片田和海洛因工厂，使巴基斯坦陷入动荡，利比亚陷入不断的内乱。美国不惜一切代价抢劫和奴役任何拥有地下资源的国家的人民。

美国在战争中也采取了令人震惊的方法。在朝鲜战争期间，越南战争，海湾战争，科索沃战争，阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争，美国使用大量的化学和生物武器以及集束炸弹，燃料空气炸弹，石墨炸弹和贫铀炸弹，造成巨大破坏民用设施，无数平民伤亡和持久的环境污染。

罗马数字 3经济霸权，掠夺和剥削

第二次世界大战后，美国领导建立了布雷顿森林体系、国际货币基金组织和世界银行，并与马歇尔计划一起形成了以美元为中心的国际货币体系。此外，美国还通过操纵国际组织的加权投票制度、规则和安排，包括“85%多数批准”及其国内贸易法律法规，在国际经济和金融部门建立了制度霸权。通过利用美元作为主要国际储备货币的地位，美国基本上是在从世界各地收集“铸币税”；它利用其对国际组织的控制，迫使其他国家为美国的政治和经济战略服务。

◆美国在“铸币税”的帮助下利用世界财富。生产一张100美元的钞票只需要大约17美分，但其他国家必须支付100美元的实际商品才能获得一张。半个多世纪前，有人指出，美国享有高昂的特权和赤字，而没有美元造成的眼泪，并使用这张毫无价值的纸币掠夺其他国家的资源和工厂。

◆美元的霸权地位是世界经济不稳定和不确定性的主要来源。在新冠肺炎大流行期间，美国滥用其全球金融霸权，向全球市场注入数万亿美元，让其他国家，尤其是新兴经济体为此付出代价。2022年，美联储结束了其超宽松的货币政策，转向大幅加息，导致国际金融市场出现动荡，欧元等其他货币大幅贬值，其中许多货币跌至20年低点。因此，许多发展中国家受到高通货膨胀、货币贬值和资本外流的挑战。这正是尼克松的财政部长约翰·康纳利曾经以自我满意而又尖锐地精确地说过的，“美元是我们的货币，但这是你的问题。”

◆控制国际经济和金融组织，对其他国家的援助施加了额外的条件。为了减少对美国资本流入和投机行为的障碍，受援国必须推进金融自由化，开放金融市场，使其经济政策符合美国的战略。根据《国际政治经济学评论》，连同国际货币基金组织从1985年至2014年向131个成员国提供的1550个债务减免计划，还有多达55465个附加的政治条件。

◆美国故意用经济强制手段镇压其对手。20世纪80年代，为了消除日本的经济威胁，控制和利用日本，实现美国对抗苏联、统治世界的战略目标，美国利用其霸权金融力量对抗日本，达成了《广场协议》。结果，日元被推高，日本被迫开放金融市场，改革金融体系。广场协议对日本经济的增长势头造成了沉重打击，使日本陷入了后来被称为“损失的三十年”。

◆美国的经济和金融霸权已经成为一种地缘政治武器。加倍单边制裁和“长臂管辖”，美国颁布了国内法律等国际紧急经济权力法案》，全球马格尼茨基人权问责法案，对抗美国的对手通过制裁法案，并引入了一系列行政命令制裁特定国家、组织或个人。统计数据显示，从2000年到2021年，美国对外国实体的制裁增加了933%。仅特朗普政府就实施了3900多项制裁，这意味着每天3三次制裁。到目前为止，美国已经或已经对全球近40个国家实施了经济制裁，包括古巴、中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜、伊朗和委内瑞拉，影响了近一半的世界人口。”美利坚合众国“已经变成了“制裁合众国”。而“长臂管辖权”已经沦落为美国利用其国家权力手段压制经济竞争对手和干涉正常国际商业的一种工具。这严重背离了美国长期以来一直吹嘘的自由市场经济原则。

增值技术霸权，垄断和压制

美国试图通过行使在高科技领域的垄断权力、压制措施和技术限制，来阻止其他国家的科学、技术和经济发展。

◆美国以保护的名义垄断知识产权。美国利用其他国家，特别是发展中国家在知识产权方面的弱势地位和相关领域的体制空缺，通过垄断获得过多的利润。1994年，美国推动了《与贸易有关的知识产权（旅行）协定》，迫使美国化的知识产权保护程序和标准，试图巩固其在技术上的垄断。

上世纪80年代，为了遏制日本半导体行业的发展，美国启动了“301”调查，通过多边协议在双边谈判中建立了讨价还价的能力，威胁要将日本贴上进行不公平贸易的标签，并征收报复性关税，迫使日本签署了U.S.-Japan半导体协议。结果，日本的半导体企业几乎完全被赶出了全球竞争，其市场份额从50%下降到了10%。与此同时，在美国政府的支持下，大量的美国半导体企业抓住了这个机会，夺取了更大的市场份额。

◆美国将技术问题政治化，武器化，并将它们作为意识形态工具。过度拉伸国家安全的概念，美国动员国家权力压制和制裁中国公司华为，限制华为产品进入美国市场，切断其芯片和操作系统的供应，并迫使其他国家禁止华为进行当地5g网络建设。它甚至说服加拿大毫无根据地拘留华为首席财务官孟晚舟近三年。

美国捏造了一系列借口来压制中国具有全球竞争力的高科技企业，并将1000多家中国企业列入制裁名单。此外，美国还对生物技术、人工智能和其他高端技术实施了控制，加强了出口限制，加强了投资筛选，抑制了抖音等中国社交媒体应用程序和微信，并游说荷兰和日本限制向中国出口芯片和相关设备或技术。

美国在其对与中国相关的技术专业人员的政策中也实行了双重标准。为了回避和压制中国研究人员，自2018年6月以来，某些高科技相关专业的中国学生签证有效期缩短，中国学者和学生赴美国交流项目和学习，对在美国工作的中国学者进行大规模调查。

◆美国以保护民主的名义巩固了其技术垄断。美国通过在“芯片联盟”和“清洁网络”等技术上建立小集团，将高科技贴上“民主”和“人权”的标签，将技术问题转化为政治和意识形态问题，为对其他国家的技术封锁编造借口。2019年5月，美国招募了32个国家参加了在捷克共和国举行的布拉格5G安全会议，并发布了布拉格提案，试图排除中国的5G产品。2020年4月，当时的美国国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥宣布了“5G清洁道路”计划，旨在在5G领域建立技术联盟，合作伙伴有共同的民主意识形态和保护“网络安全”的需要。这些措施从本质上说是，美国试图通过技术联盟来维持其技术霸权。

◆美国滥用其技术霸权，实施网络攻击和窃听。长期以来，美国一直以“黑客帝国”而臭名昭著，并被指责为其在世界各地猖獗的网络盗窃行为。它有各种手段来实施普遍的网络攻击和监视，包括使用模拟基站信号访问移动电话进行数据盗窃，操纵移动应用程序，渗透云服务器，以及窃取海底电缆。列表继续。

美国的监视是不加区分的。所有这些国家都可能是其监视的目标，无论是竞争对手还是盟友，甚至是盟国的领导人，如德国前总理默克尔和几位法国总统。由美国发起的网络监视和攻击，如“棱镜”、“脏盒”、“愤怒的角”和“远程屏幕操作”，都证明了美国正在密切监视其盟友和伙伴。这种对盟友和合作伙伴的窃听已经引起了全世界的愤怒。揭露美国监控项目的维基解密网站的创始人朱利安·阿桑奇说，“不要指望全球监控超级大国以荣誉或尊重采取行动。”只有一条规则：没有任何规则。”

V.文化霸权——传播虚假叙事

美国文化的全球扩张是其外部战略的重要组成部分。美国经常使用文化工具来加强和维持其在世界上的霸权地位。

◆美国将美国的价值观嵌入到其产品中，如电影中。美国人的价值观和生活方式与其电影和电视节目、出版物、媒体内容以及政府资助的非营利性文化机构的节目有关。因此，它形成了一个美国文化主导并维持文化霸权的文化和公共舆论空间。在他的文章《世界的美国化》中，美国学者约翰·叶玛揭露了美国文化扩张中存在的真正武器：好莱坞、麦迪逊大道上的形象设计工厂、美泰公司和可口可乐的生产线。

美国有各种工具来维持其文化霸权。美国电影是最常用的；它们现在占据了全球70%以上的市场份额。美国巧妙地利用其文化多样性来吸引不同的种族。当好莱坞电影降临世界时，他们会尖叫与之相关的美国价值观。

◆美国文化霸权不仅表现在“直接干预”，也表现在“媒体渗透”和“世界的号角”。U.S.-dominated西方媒体在塑造全球公众舆论、支持美国干预其他国家的内政方面发挥着特别重要的作用。

美国政府会严格审查所有的社交媒体公司，并要求他们服从。据福克斯商业网络公司报道，推特首席执行官埃隆·马斯克于2022年12月27日承认，所有社交媒体平台都与美国政府合作，审查内容。美国的公众舆论会受到政府的干预，以限制所有不利的言论。谷歌经常会让页面消失。

美国国防部操纵社交媒体。2022年12月，美国独立调查网站“拦截”透露，2017年7月，美国中央司令部官员纳撒尼尔·卡勒指示推特的公共政策团队在他发送的名单上增加52个阿拉伯语账户的数量，其中6个将被优先考虑。其中六人致力于为美国无人机在也门的袭击辩护，比如声称袭击是精确的，只杀死恐怖分子，而不是平民。根据卡勒的指示，推特将这些阿拉伯语账户列入了“白名单”，以放大某些信息。

◆美国对新闻自由实行双重标准。它以各种方式残酷地镇压和压制其他国家的媒体。美国和欧洲禁止俄罗斯主流媒体，如今日俄罗斯和人造卫星。推特、脸书和YouTube等平台公开限制俄罗斯的官方账户。Netflix、苹果和谷歌已经从他们的服务和应用程序商店中删除了俄罗斯的频道和应用程序。与俄罗斯相关的内容受了前所未有的严厉审查。

◆美国滥用其文化霸权，在社会主义国家煽动“和平进化”。它建立了针对社会主义国家的新闻媒体和文化机构。它向广播和电视网络投入了惊人数量的公共资金，以支持其意识形态的渗透，这些喉舌日夜以煽动性的宣传方式，以数十种语言轰炸社会主义国家。

美国利用虚假信息作为攻击其他国家的长矛，并围绕着它建立了一个产业链：有团体和个人编造故事，并在几乎无限的财政资源的支持下在世界各地兜售故事，以误导公众舆论。

结论

正义事业赢得了广泛的支持，不公正的人谴责它的追求者是弃儿。用力量恐吓弱者、用武力和诡计欺骗他人、玩零和游戏的霸权、霸道、霸凌等行为正在造成严重的伤害。和平、发展、合作、互利的历史趋势势不可挡。美国一直在以其权力践踏真理，践踏正义。这些单方面的、利己主义的和倒退的霸权行为引起了国际社会日益增长的、强烈的批评和反对。

各国需要相互尊重，并平等地对待彼此。大国应以符合其地位的方式行事，带头追求一种以对话和伙伴关系而不是对抗或联盟为特色的国间关系新模式。中国反对一切形式的霸权主义和强权政治，反对干涉其他国家的内政。美国必须进行认真的自我反省。它必须批判性地审视自己所做的一切，放弃它的傲慢和偏见，放弃它的霸权、专横和欺凌的做法。