A building is  closely bound up with people, for it provides people with the necessary space  to work and live in.

As classified by  their use, buildings are mainly of two types: industrial buildings and civil  buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial  production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for  dwelling, employment, education and other social activities.

Industrial  buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and  manufacturing of various kinds, in such fields as the mining industry, the metallurgical  industry, machine building, the chemical industry and the textile industry.  Factory buildings can be classified into two types: single-story ones and  multi-story ones. The construction of industrial buildings is the same as  that of civil buildings. However; industrial and civil buildings differ in  the materials used and in the way they are used.

Civil buildings  are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public  buildings. Residential buildings should suit family life. Each flat should  consist of at least three necessary rooms: a living room, a kitchen and a  toilet. Public buildings can be used in politics, cultural activities,  administration work and other services, such as schools, office buildings,  child-care centers, parks, hospitals, shops, stations, theatres, gymnasiums,  hotels, exhibition halls, bath pools, and so on. All of them have different  functions, which in turn require different design types as well.

In the  mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside  and out. A majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half  an acre of land, which would provide space for spare-time activities. In  highly industrialized countries, many families preferred to live as far out  as possible from the center of metropolitan area, even if the wage earners  had to travel some distance to their work. Quite a large number of families  preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to  get far away from noise, crowding, and confusion. The accessibility of public  transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most  workers drove their cars to work. People were chiefly interested in the  arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms.

Before any of  the building can begin, plans have to be drawn to show what the building will  be like, the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be  done.

All important  point in building design is the layout of rooms, which should provide the  greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are  intended for. In a dwelling house, the layout may be considered under three  categories: "day", "night", and "services".  Attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these  areas. The "day" rooms generally include a dining-room,  sitting-room and kitchen, but other rooms, such as a study, may be added, and  there may be a hall. The living-room, which is generally the largest, often  serves as a dining-room, too, or the kitchen may have a dining alcove. The  "night" rooms consist of the bedrooms. The "services"  comprise the kitchen, bathrooms, larder, and water-closets. The kitchen and  larder connect the services with the day rooms.

It is also  essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms, and  those most in use should preferably face south as much as possible, it is,  however, often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements, both on  account of the surroundings and the location of the roads. In resolving these  complex problems, it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning  regulations which are concerned with public amenities, density of population,  height of buildings, proportion of green space to dwellings, building lines,  the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighborhood, and  so on.

There is little  standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to  comply with local town-planning regulations. The modem trend is towards  light, airy factory buildings with the offices, reception rooms, telephone  exchange, etc., house in one low building overlooking the access road, the  workshop, also light and airy, being less accessible to public view. (2)  Generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction, a factory can be  given a "shed' type ridge roof, incorporating windows facing north so as  to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare.

industrial  building工业建筑

civil  buildings 民用建筑

 industrial  production工业生产

factory building厂房 processing加工, 处理manufacture 制造 

mining n.采矿, 矿业 metallurgical industry冶金工业 

textile  industry 纺织工业 machine building  n.机器制造业 

differ in 在...不同 

residential  buildings 居住房屋，住宅 

family  life n.家庭生活 

flat公寓,成套房间,一层 

administration  n.管理,行政部门 

child-care  centers 幼儿园 

gymnasium  n.健身房, 体育馆    

exhibition  hall展览馆 

bath pools  洗浴场 

living  quarters住宅 shelter n.掩蔽处,庇护所, grain粮食,谷物,谷粒 

acre n.英亩 

center of  metropolitan area大城市中心区域 

wage  earner  n.靠工资为生的人, 雇佣劳动者 

country  house 郊区住宅  

accessibility易接近，可达性，可到达的， 

cease to  be不再是 

convenience  n.便利, 方便 

in  relation to adv.关于, 涉及, 与…相比 

intend for  打算供...使用，打算，打算使...成为; 

dwelling  house 住宅 

category  n.种类, 别, [逻]范畴 

provision  n.供应, 提供，预备, 防备, 规定 

study 书房 

hall 门厅 

dining  alcove 小饭厅 

larder 贮藏室 

water  closet n.盥洗室, 厕所

outlook n.景色, 风光, 观点, 见解, 展望, 前景

preferably  adv.更适宜 

optimum最适宜的 

on account  of  adv.由于 

surroundings  n.环境 

amenities 舒适性 

in  relation to  adv.关于, 涉及, 与…相比 

standardization  标准化, 规格化 

comply  with 遵守 

airy通风的 

reception  room n.接待室, 会客室 

telephone  exchange 电话局 

access  road通路 

accessible  adj.易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的, 

ridge屋脊 

evenly  adv.均匀地, 平坦地 

glare 眩光