New words

manipulate
vt. 
make sb. think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skillfully deceiving or influencing them 操纵，控制（某人的思想和行为）
You have the constant feeling you are being manipulated by advertisements. 你总有一种被广告操纵的感觉。
He was one of those men who like to manipulate people. 他是那种喜欢操纵人的男人。

defy
vt. 
1 happen in a way that is different from what usu. happens or what you expect 违反
This celebration of Thanksgiving defies tradition. 这个感恩节庆典仪式没有遵循传统。
people who openly defy the law 公然以身试法的人
children openly defying their teachers 公然违抗他们老师的孩子
2 refuse to obey sb. or sth. 违抗；不服从
Despite the strike vote, a few workers have defied the majority decision and returned to work. 尽管经过了罢工表决，几个工人还是不顾大多数人的决定，回去上班了。

contradict
v. 
disagree and cannot both be true in two statements, two pieces of evidence, two stories, etc. 与…抵触；与…矛盾；违背
The article flatly contradicts their claims. 这篇文章与他们的主张截然相反。
Deborah opened her mouth to contradict her mother’s instructions to clean her room, but then she quickly closed it again. 黛博拉张开嘴想她妈妈要她打扫房间的指示予以反抗，但随即又闭上了。
Dad just can’t bear to be contradicted. 爸爸只是不能忍受被反驳。

recession
n. 
[C, U] a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity, etc. in a country than usual （经济）衰退，萧条
There is a deep recession in the UK. 英国陷入了严重的经济衰退。
the economic recession of the early 1980s 20世纪80年代初的经济衰退

grave
a. 
very great, bad (problems, situation or worries) 严重的；重大的；严峻的
The report expressed grave concern over the technicians’ lack of training. 该报告对技术人员缺乏培训一事极为关注。
Matthew’s life is in grave danger. 马修的生活处于严重的危险之中。
I have grave doubts about his ability. 我对他的能力表示极大的怀疑。
n. 
[C] the place in the ground where a dead body is buried 坟墓；墓穴
At the head of the grave, there was a small wooden cross. 墓穴上端有一个小的木制十字架。

nasty
a. 
extremely unkind and unpleasant (behavior or remarks) 不友善的；不好的；恶毒的
Many drivers think that most passengers are very pleasant, although occasionally they can be nasty. 很多司机认为，虽然偶然会有一些乘客不太友善，但大部分的乘客都很和蔼友好。
This girl appears very sweet, but be careful, there’s a nasty side in her character. 那个女孩看上去很甜，可是要小心，她的性格中有不友善的一面。

tone
n. 
[C] the way your voice sounds, which shows how you are feeling or what you mean （说话的）语气，口气，腔调
“You must be Annie,” he said in a friendly tone. 他以友好的语气说道：“你一定是安妮。”
There was urgency in his tone. 他的语气中有一种急切感。
Her tone was sharp with anger. 她的语气尖刻，带着气愤。
It was obvious from her tone of voice that she didn’t like me. 从她的语气判断，很明显她不喜欢我。

resume
v. 
(fml.) start doing sth. again after stopping or being interrupted, or an activity or process starts again after a pause （中断之后）继续，重新开始
She hopes to resume her career after the baby is born. 她希望生完孩子后继续工作。
The rebels have resumed hostilities against government troops. 叛乱分子继续与政府军为敌。
He will resume training as soon as his injury has healed. 伤势一有好转，他就会继续训练。
Peace talks will resume tomorrow. 和平谈判明天重新启动。 

depiction
n. 
[C, U] a description of sth. using words or pictures 描写；描述；描绘
The painter’s depictions of the horror of war won her a worldwide reputation. 那位画家对战争的恐怖所进行的描绘让她享誉全球。
I disapprove of the depiction of violence on television. 我不赞成在电视上表现暴力。

gap
n. [C] 
1 a big difference between two situations, amounts, and groups of people, etc. 差距；差额；差别
On television, we can see many demonstrations against the ever-growing gap between the “super rich” and the “struggling middleclass”. 我们在电视上可以看到许多示威活动，抗议“超级富豪”和“挣扎的中产阶级”之间的差距越来越大。
the widening gap between the rich and the poor 贫富之间越来越大的差距
2 a space between two objects or two parts of an object, esp. because sth. is missing 缺口；开口；裂缝
The neighbors’ dog got into our yard through a gap in the fence. 邻居的狗从篱笆的缺口钻进了我们的院子。

paradox
n. 
[C] a situation that seems strange because it involves two ideas or qualities that are very different 自相矛盾（的情况）

odds
n. 
[pl.] (at ~ with) if things are at odds with each other, they are different or opposite when they should be the same （与某物）不一致，相矛盾
Her version of the events was at odds with the police report. 她对事件的说法跟警方的报告不一致。

perspective
n. 
[C] a way of thinking about sth. （思考问题的）角度，观点，想法
His father's death gave him a whole new perspective on life. 父亲的离世让他对生活有了全新的看法。
The novel is written from a child’s perspective. 这部小说是从一个孩子的角度写的。

upright
a. 
1 always behaving in an honest way 正直的；诚实的
He was a good, honest and upright man. 他是一位诚实、正直的好人。
2 standing or sitting straight up 垂直的；笔直的
Katie was still awake, sitting upright staring at the television. 凯蒂还醒着，笔挺地坐在那里，盯着电视看。
The chimpanzee stood upright and grasped the bars of its cage. 黑猩猩抓住笼子的铁栅直直地站着。

urge
vt. 
advise sb. very strongly about what action or attitude they should take 极力劝告；敦促；催促
The charity urged everyone involved to take quick action. 该慈善机构敦促每个相关的人迅速采取行动。
I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch with her. 我收到莫伊拉的一封短信，要我与她保持联系。
I have urged him to keep this information secret. 我要他对这个信息保密。

suspend
vt. 
1 officially stop sth. from continuing, esp. for a short time 暂停；中止
The charity urged everyone involved to take quick action. 该慈善机构敦促每个相关的人迅速采取行动。
Talks between the two countries have now been suspended. 两国间的对话现已中止。
2 make sb. leave their school or job for a short time, esp. because they have broken the rules （尤指因违规）使…暂时停学（停职）
Dave was suspended from school for a week. 戴夫被停学一个星期。
The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out. 那两名警察被暂时停职。

appetite
n. 
1 [C] a desire or liking for a particular activity 欲望；爱好
She has an amazing appetite for knowledge. 她有极强的求知欲。
People seem to have an insatiable appetite (= always wanting more of something) for news of any kind. 人们对任何一种新闻都好像有永不满足的欲望。
2 [C, usu. sing., U] a desire for food 胃口；食欲
She has an amazing appetite for knowledge. 她有极强的求知欲。
Her husband always had a huge appetite for meat. 她的丈夫对肉总是有很大的胃口。

disguise
vt. 
change one’s appearance so that people cannot recognize him 装扮；假扮
Disguised as a priest, the refugee escaped across the border. 假扮成神父的模样，这个难民越境逃走了。
The proposal is a thinly disguised effort to revive price controls of the 1970s. 该提案一眼就可以看出是想恢复20世纪70年代的价格管制。

invade
v. 
1 go into a place in large numbers, esp. when you are not wanted （尤指不受欢迎地）大量涌入，蜂拥而至
Every summer, the quiet seaside town is invaded by tourists. 每年夏天，这个安静的海边小镇都有大量游客涌入。
Fans invaded the playing field at half time. 球迷在中场休息时涌入了球场。
The rock singer was so popular that fans invaded his stage during almost every one of his shows. 这位摇滚歌手是如此受欢迎，以致在他表演每个节目时，歌迷们几乎都会涌上舞台。
2 enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to take control of it 武力入侵；侵略；侵占
The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago. 两千年前，古罗马人入侵了英国。

utmost
n. 
[sing.] the most that can be done 极度；极限；最大可能
Both runners had pushed themselves physically and psychologically to the utmost. 两个赛跑运动员从体力上和心理上都尽了最大的努力。

cereal
n. 
[C, U] a breakfast food made from grain and usu. eaten with milk （通常与牛奶一起吃、作为早餐的）谷类食品

cruise
n. 
[C] a holiday on a large ship 乘船度假

shortage
n. 
[C, U] a situation in which there is not enough of sth. that people need 短缺；不足；缺乏
You may go ahead with the project; there is no shortage of funds. 你们可以继续进行这个项目，资金并不缺乏。

cement
vt. 
make a relationship, idea, etc. stronger or more certain 加强，巩固（关系、看法等）
Our union leaders want to cement a good working relationship between the government and labor unions. 我们的工会领导想加强政府和工会之间良好的工作关系。
Nothing cements a friendship between countries as much as successful trade. 没有东西像成功的贸易那样能加强两国之间的友谊。
At the company’s celebration, new friendships were made and old ones were cemented. 在公司的庆祝会上建立了新的友谊，也巩固了旧的关系。
n. 
[U] 水泥

derive
vt. 
receive or obtain sth. from sth. else （从某物中）得到，获得
Medically, we will derive great benefit from this new technique. 从医学的角度来讲，我们将从这一新技术中受益匪浅。
Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the introduction to art course. 许多学生从这门艺术入门课程中得到了巨大的满足。
v.
develop or come from sth. else 源自；源于
Many words in the English language are derived from Latin. 英语中的很多词来源于拉丁文。
These defensive behavior patterns derive from our subconscious fears. 这些防御行为模式源自于我们潜意识的恐惧。

nourish
vt. 
give a person or other living thing the food and other substances they need in order to live, grow, and stay healthy 滋养；给…营养
The cream contains vitamin A to nourish the skin. 这种护肤霜含滋养皮肤的维生素A。
Children need plenty of good fresh food to nourish them well. 孩子们需要大量的新鲜食物来很好地滋养他们。

compact
a. 
small, but arranged so that everything fits neatly into the space available 小而紧凑的
The students’ rooms were compact, with a desk, bed, and a built-in closet. 学生的房间很小巧，配有一张书桌，一张床和一个壁橱。

explicit
a. 
expressed in a way that is very clear and direct 清楚明确的；直截了当的
When you write instructions, you've got to be direct and explicit to make everything rightly understood. 写说明书时必须清楚明确，一目了然。
The kidnappers gave us explicit instructions not to involve the police. 绑架者给我们发出明确指令, 不许报警。
Always try to be explicit when you talk about money with your family. 与家人谈到金钱时，要尽量直截了当。

echo
vt. 
repeat an idea or opinion because you agree with it 附和（别人的观点）
Lily and Lucy are twins, and their views often echo each other. 莉莉和露西是一对双胞胎，她们的意见常互相呼应。
The article echoed the NRA’s arguments against gun control. 这篇文章附和了美国全国步枪协会反对枪支管控的观点。
vi. 
if a sound echoes, you hear it again because it was made near sth. such as a wall or hill （声音）回响；发出回声
Though she has been dead, her sweet, soothing love songs still echo in Chinese restaurants, shops and taxis worldwide. 虽然她已去世，她那甜美、舒缓的情歌仍然回荡在世界各地的中国餐馆、商店和出租车上。
The sound of an engine echoed back from the thick forest. 茂密的森林里传来引擎的回声。

stock
1 [C] an amount of sth. that you keep so that you can use it when you need it 储备；储备物
He keeps a stock of medicines in the cupboard. 他在柜子里存了一些药品。
The country has been building up its stock of weapons. 这个国家一直在增加武器储备。
It is now halfway through winter and food stocks are already low. 现在冬天才过了一半，可粮食库存已经不多了。
2 [C, usu. pl.] one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is divided 股份
They own 20% of the company’s stock. 他们拥有该公司20%的股份。
the trading of stocks and shares 股份和股票交易

scatter
v. 
throw or drop over a wide area in an irregular way 撒
The flowers fell and scattered on the ground. 这些花掉下来，撒了一地。
Scatter the onions over the fish. 把洋葱撒在鱼上面。

scattered
a. 
spread over a large area 散布的；分散的
The sky is fascinating with scattered stars. 天空中繁星点点，令人惊异。
Broken glass lay scattered over the floor. 碎玻璃散了一地。
There will be some scattered showers (= short periods of rain) in the afternoon. 下午将有零星阵雨。
a widely scattered set of islands 分布广泛的岛屿

retain
vt. 
keep sth. or continue to have sth. 保留；保有；继续拥有
You have the right to retain the goods you bought. 你有权保留你买的这些物品。
To protect public health, the state wants to retain control over food imports. 为了保护公共健康，这个州想保留对食品进口的控制权。

well-being
n. 
[U] a feeling of being comfortable, healthy and happy 舒适，健康，幸福
Our health and well-being are determined by numerous daily factors. 我们的健康和福祉是由众多的日常因素决定的。

ingredient
n. [C] 
1 a quality you need to achieve sth. （完成某事的）要素，因素
Investment in new product development is an essential ingredient of corporate success. 注入资金进行新产品的开发是公司成功的重要因素。
John has all the ingredients of a great player. 约翰具备了一个优秀运动员的所有素质。
2 one of the foods that you use to make a particular food or dish （烹调用的）成分，原料
The food is home-cooked and only fresh ingredients were used. 食物是自制的，只使用了新鲜的食材。
Combine all the ingredients in a large bowl. 把所有原料都放在一个大碗里。
The basic ingredients for concrete are cement, sand and water. 混凝土的基本成分是水泥、沙子和水。

hinder
vt. 
make it difficult for sth. to develop or succeed 阻碍；妨碍；阻止
People are very frustrated that these new policies will hinder rather than help families. 人们感到十分沮丧，这些新政策将阻碍而不是帮助家庭。
Succeeding in his athlete career has been hindered by a severe injury to his back. 他背部严重的伤势阻碍了他运动员生涯的成功。
Most of the students are able to consult English dictionaries when they see unknown words. 大部分学生看到生词都能够查阅英文字典。

consult
v. 
(also ~ with) ask for information or advice from sb. who has special knowledge about a particular subject 咨询；请教
If symptoms persist, consult a doctor without delay. 如果症状持续的话，马上咨询医生。

input
n. [C, U] 
1 help in the form of ideas, advice, or information, used in a process or in making a decision （想法、建议或信息的）投入，输入
You should spend most of your time on reading and listening, because input is the most important way to develop your vocabulary. 你应该花大部分的时间在阅读和听力上，因为输入是扩大你词汇量的最重要的方式。
Farmers contributed most of the input for the survey. 农民为这份调查问卷贡献了大部分的意见。
2 information that is put into a computer （输入计算机的）信息，数据输入
It is the job of a computer programmer to provide the computing system with all the input of the needed data. 计算机程序员的工作是给计算系统提供所需数据的信息。

option
n. 
[C] a choice you can make in a particular situation 选择；可选择的东西
This was not the only option open to him. 这并非他的唯一选择。
There are a number of options available. 有多种选择。

administration
n. 
1 [U] the process of being responsible for managing a business, organization, or institution 经营过程；管理过程
Health service spends too much on administration. 医疗服务部门在行政方面花费太多。
We’re looking for someone with experience in administration for our toy manufacturing company. 我们正在为我们的玩具制造公司找寻一个有管理经验的人。
2 [C] the government of a country at a particular time （某一时期的）政府
The public welfare problems began under the Reagan Administration but have been ignored by successive administrations. 公共福利方面的问题从里根政府开始出现，但一直被后来的各届政府所忽视。
the Kennedy Administration 肯尼迪政府

ego
n. 
[C] the opinion that you have about yourself 自我；自我意识
The public welfare problems began under the Reagan Administration but have been ignored by successive administrations. 公共福利方面的问题从里根政府开始出现，但一直被后来的各届政府所忽视。
Richard has the biggest ego (= thinks he is very clever and important) of anyone I’ve ever met. 理查德是我所见过的最自负的人。
I thought I was well prepared but still received a low grade on my exam. Now I need someone to massage my “bruised” ego (= when you feel less confident than before). 我以为我准备得很好，可考试还是得了低分。现在我需要有人来安慰我受伤的自尊心。 

urgent
a. 
very important and needing to be dealt with immediately 紧急的；急迫的；需迅速处理的
An urgent message from my family told me to come home right away. 我家人给我捎来急信，让我马上回家。
After the two cars collided, the drivers were in urgent need of medical attention. 这两辆车相撞后，司机们迫切需要医疗救护。
The report called for urgent action to eliminate lead in petrol. 报告呼吁迅速采取行动，消除汽油中的含铅量。

urgently
ad. 
紧急地；急迫地
The soldiers were urgently in need of food and medical supplies. Otherwise, they could only resist for two days. 士兵们迫切需要食物和医疗用品。否则，他们只能抵抗两天。

tackle
vt. 
try to deal with a difficult problem 处理，对付（难题）
The fire was so huge that it took 12 fire engines to tackle the blaze. 火势如此凶猛，动用了十二辆消防车才灭了火。
There is usually more than one way to tackle a problem. 解决一个问题的方法通常不止一个。

legal
a. 
1 (only before noun) concerned with or relating to the law 法律的；与法律有关的
the legal system 法律体系
a long legal battle 漫长的法律争讼
2 allowed, ordered, or approved by law 法律允许的；合法的；法律规定的
What the company has done is perfectly legal. 公司所做的一切是完全合法的。
In many European countries, carrying an identity card is a legal requirement. 在许多欧洲国家，携带身份证是法律所要求的。
When the police stopped him in his car, he had twice the legal limit of alcohol in his bloodstream. 当警察拦住了他的车时，他血液中的酒精含量是法定限度的两倍。

choppy
a. 
having a lot of waves and being not smooth to sail on 波浪起伏的；波浪滔滔的
The small boat bobbed about on the choppy water. 小船在波浪起伏的水面上颠簸。

Phrases and expressions

refer to
mention or speak about sb. or sth. 提到；谈到
Although she didn't mention any names, everyone knew who she was reffering to. 尽管她没有提到任何人的名字，但大家都知道她指的是谁。

do one’s utmost
try as hard as possible 竭尽全力（做某事）
Beth was certain that she could rely on Tom in an emergency because he would do his utmost to help her. 贝丝肯定在紧急情况下她可以依靠汤姆，因为他会竭尽全力帮助她。

no shortage of
no lacking 不缺少；不缺乏
There's no shortage of ideas when it comes to improving the education of children. 说到改善儿童教育，并不缺乏想法。

derive sth. from sth.
get sth., esp. an advantage or a pleasant feeling, from sth. 得到，获得（优势或愉快的感受）
Many words in the English language are derived from Latin. 英语中的很多词来源于拉丁文。

put off
delay doing sth. or arrange to do sth. at a later time or date, esp. because there is a problem or you do not want to do it now 推迟某事；使某事延期
Women who put off having a baby often make the best mothers. 推迟要孩子的妇女经常是最好的母亲。
The association has put the event off until October. 该协会已经把活动推迟到10月份。

take in
understand and remember new facts and information 领会；理解；记住
It was an interesting exhibition, but there was too much to take in all at once. 这是一个有趣的展览，但要一下子记住所有的东西太多了。

take stock (of sth.)
think carefully about the things that have happened in a situation in order to decide what to do next （对形势）作出估计（判断）
We had to take stock of our position before we could decide what to do next. 我们在决定下一步做什么之前，必须对我们的处境作出判断。
While he was in the hospital, Jeremy took stock of his life. 住院期间，杰里米对自己的生活进行了反思。

consult with sb.
discuss sth. with sb. 与某人商量
The policy not to consult with employees of a particular grade runs contrary to good industrial practices. 不能与某一等级的员工进行磋商的政策，与良好的劳资关系背道而驰。

on track
in a situation that is likely to lead to success 在（可能通向成功的）轨迹上
Everything is running according to our plan, so we're still on track for 10% growth. 一切都在按照我们的计划进行，所以我们仍有可能达到10%的增长率。

get into trouble
be in a situation with a lot of problems 处于困境

get in one’s way
block a road or one’s path so that they can’t move forward easily 挡着某人的路