知识点1 18世纪的全球经济
1. 18世纪欧洲的乡村工业
2.荷兰、英国、法国的崛起
3. 亚洲、美洲和非洲在全球经济中的作用
知识点2 18世纪的西欧政治
1. 法国贵族的复活
2. 英国议会
3. 辉格党与托利党
4. “泡沫法案”
知识点3 18世纪中叶的战争
1. 18世纪的战事
2. 奥地利继位之战（1740-1748）
3. 七年之战（1756-1763）及其在欧洲和美洲的延伸
4. 停战协定（1763）
Multiple choices.
1.In the age of oceanic communications ____ became a center from which America, Asia, and Africa could all be reached.
A. British B. French C. Western Europe D. Europe
2.The War of the Austrian Succession was started by ____.
A. Frederick II B. James III C. John Law D. Thomas Pitt
3.A third of the capital of the Bank of England in the mid-eighteenth century belonged to ____ share holders.
A. British B. French C. Germany D. Dutch
4.British parliament passed ____, forbidding all companies except those specifically chartered by the government to raise capital by the sale of stock.
A. The Social Contract B. The “Bubble Act” C. Mercantilist regulations
D. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
5.It was ____ that led to international rivalry and war.
A. global economy B. internal trade C. foreign trade D. colonial trade
6.The contest for ____ played an important part in the colonial and commercial wars between Britain and France all through the eighteenth century..
A. trade B. markets C. consumers D. colonies
7.The Americas, including ____, bulked larger than Asia in the eighteenth century trade of western Europe.
A. Jamaica B. Barbados C. Haiti D. West Indies
8.Britain and France arranged their differences by a return to the prewar ____.
A. status quo B. power C. agreement D. principle
9.On the American mainland, ____ had more territory and the British had more people.
A. the Dutch B. the Spain C. the French D. the Germany
10.For America and India, the peace of ____ was decisive in pushing the peoples of these two vast territories toward closer connections with the political and commercial institutions of the British empire..
A. 1778 B. 1763 C. 1765 D. 1773
Answer the following questions briefly (50-100 words).
1. What are the characteristics of the global economy in the eighteenth century?
2. How is the relationship between slavery and British capitalism?
姓 名: 白玉 专 业：英语 年级、班级：12级3班
学 号：12301057 作业日期：2013.11.02
章 节：Chapter 7 The Seven Years’ War
作业要求：Write a summary of the Seven Year’s War in about 800 -1000 words in English.
（体例说明：中文字体为宋体，英文为Arial，五号字，行距1.5倍）
Summary
The Seven Years’ War
Before the Seven Years’ War, the relationship among the countries in Europe became more and more complicated. The main dispute is between France and Great Britain. The Great Britain wanted to occupy French colonies while France aimed to protect its territories in America and Eastern India. Meanwhile, another one is between Prussia and Austria. In any case, when the Seven Years’ War broke out in 1756, though it was a continuation of the preceding war in that Prussia fought Austria, and Britain fought France, the belligerents had all changed partners. Great Britain and Prussia were now allies, as were, more remarkably, the Bourbons and the Habsburgs. In addition, Austria had concluded a treaty with the Russian empire for the annihilation of Prussia.
In Europe, as a league of powers had but recently attempted to partition the empire of Maria Theresa, and a generation before had in fact partitioned the empires of Sweden and Spain, so now Austria, Russia, and France set out to partition the newly created kingdom of Prussia. Initially, the war broke between Prussia and Austria. Prussia had less than 6000000 people, but war was less an affair of peoples than of states and standing armies, and the Prussian state and Prussian army were the most efficient in Europe. Frederick fought brilliant campaigns and proved himself the great military genius of his day. But genius was scarcely enough. There were times when Frederick believed all to be lost against these powers, yet he went on fighting. At the same time, his subjects, Junkers and even serfs, advanced in patriotic spirit under pressure. The coalition tended to fall apart. The French lacked enthusiasm, they were fighting Britain, the Austrian alliance was unpopular, and Kaunitz would not plainly promise them Belgium. The Russians found that the more they moved westward the more they alarmed their Austrian allies. Frederick was left to deal only with the implacable Austrians, for whom he was more than a match. By the peace of Hubertusburg in 1763 not only did he lose nothing but he also retained Silesia.
For the rest, the war is a dispute between France and Great Britain. Its stakes were supremacy in the growing world economy, control of colonies, and command of the sea. The two empires had been left unchanged in 1748 by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Both held possessions in India, in the West Indies, and on the American mainland. One source of French strength was that the French were more successful than the British in gaining the support of the Indians. This was probably the French, being few in numbers, did not threaten to expropriate their lands and also because Catholics missions among non-European peoples. In some ways the British empire was more liberal than the French; it allowed local self-government and permitted immigration from all parts of Europe. In other ways the British system was stricter. British subjects, for example, were required by the Navigation Acts to use British ships and seamen—English, Scottish, or colonial—whereas the French were freer to use the transport services of other nations. In 1749, at the request of Virginia and London capitalists, the British government chartered a land-exploitation company, the Ohio Company, to operate in territory claimed also by the French. A year later, France and Britain declare the war. The British forces successfully took Fort Duquesne led by William Pitt. Louisburg fell again in the same year. And with the fall of Quebec no further French resistance was possible on the American mainland. The British also, with superior naval power, occupied Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean and the French slave stations in Africa.
In fact, both British and French interests meanwhile profited from disturbed conditions in 1India. After Aurungzeb, the last significant Mogul emperor who adopted repressive measures against the Hindus, India fell into political dissolution. Afterwards, princes and would-be princes fought with each other and with the emperor. At last, in India, as in the Holy Roman Empire, outsiders and ambitious insiders benefited together. The instability and violence in the interior had repercussion on the India coasts. Neither the British nor the French government had any intention of the territorial conquest in India.
The British armed forces had been spectacularly successfully. The peace treaty was signed in Paris in February 1763. Britain was the country which benefited most. It gained much not only in territory but also in economy, politics. British political rule in India stimulated and protected British business there. From the war, we can see that interior contradictions always lead to disasters to a country. Only the people unionize together in their nation can one country protect itself and develop rapid.
Discussion:
What are the roots of the conflicts between China and the West in Contemporary history?
Key points:
Direct Causes of the Conflicts:
The Imbalance of Trade
Deep Roots of the Imbalance:
Self-sufficient economy
Self-seclusion
The major means of the western powers in their accumulation of wealth in the 18th century fall into three categories:
Industry-- rural industry in the 18th century:
Trade-- the Dutch, British, and French, East India companies, spices and eastern manufactures such as chinaware, slave trade
Colonial expansion-- British East India Company (BEIC), plantations in America
