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Reading Skill: Identifying Points of View
Point of view describes the position of the narrator in a story. The main types of point of view are first person and third person. In first person, the narrator is a character inthe story and uses"I" or "we" in non-dialogue text. In third person, the narrator is not a character in the story but is removed from the action and functions more as an observer. Second person point of viewis rare, and concentrates more on "you". There are also many subcategories of each type of point of view. In newspaper and magazine articles, the authors' point of view is often, but not always, neutral. That is, the writer does not openly express an opinion, but tries to share the points of view of other people. This allows readers to see what is going on from several angles and then draw their own conclusions. In some cases, however, such as blogs, the writer often does express personal ideas and thoughts.
Scan the nextpassage, and identify the points of view.
Don't Just Stand There
（译文）不要只是站在那里
1 You're rushing to work and a man ahead of you collapses on the sidewalk. Do you stop to help? In a study of bystanders, it was found that some people look away or keep on walking rather than stop and get involved.
ahead of 在…之前
e.g. She always finished the work ahead of the deadline.
她总是在截止日期前完成工作。
The road ahead of us is flat and empty.
我们前面的道路平坦且空无一人。
collapse v. 突然倒下 ( 昏倒 )；坍塌
e.g. In the massive earthquake, many buildings collapsed.
在大地震中，许多大楼倒塌了。
Under too much weight, the bridge collapsed.
由于负重太大，这座桥倒塌了。
In a study of bystanders, it was found that some people look away or keep on walking rather than stop and get involved.
Note: 该句中使用了被动语态。在介绍科研成果 , 叙述实验的过程及其结论时，往往大量使用
被动语态，以强调内容的客观性。bystandern. 旁观者；看热闹的人look away扭头看别处；把脸转过去
e.g. Hearing his questioning, I lookedaway.
听到他质问我，我把脸转过去不理他。
I was so scared during the movie that I had to look away from the screen.
看电影的时候，我很害怕，把头扭开不敢看银幕。
rather than 而不是
e.g. We should attend the class rather than skip it.
我们应该去上课，而不该逃课。
The teachers chose Jim rather than me to take part in the speech contest.
老师选了吉姆去参加演讲比赛，却没有选择我。
（译文）你正赶着去上班，一个男人倒在了你前面的人行道上。你会停下来帮忙吗？一项对旁观者的研究发现，有些人会把目光移开，或者继续走，而不是停下来提供帮助。
2 "There is an inclination to decide that no action is needed," says Ervin Staub, a psychologist at the University of Massachusett sat Amherst, who studies the role of bystanders. “The first thoughts that come into your mind often keep you from offering help.”Common thoughts that might prevent you from helping including:
• Why should I be the one to help? I'm probably not the most competent person in this crowd. You might think someone older or with more medical knowledge should offer assistance.
• What if the person doesn't really need my help? You don't want to be embarrassed. The fear of embarrassment is powerful; no one wants to risk looking foolish in front of others.
• No one else looks concerned—this must not be a problem. We take social cues from the people around us—but most people tend to hold back their emotions in public.
inclinationn. 倾向；意愿
e.g. Her natural inclination is to please everybody.
她天生喜欢取悦所有人。
The little boy has a strong inclination towards music.
这个小男孩对音乐很有兴趣。psychologist n. 心理学家；心理学研究者
competent a . 足以胜任的；有能力的
e.g. She is not gifted but she is competent at her job.
她虽然没有天赋，但她有能力胜任自己的工作。
As a competent cook, my mother can cook many delicious dishes.
作为一名能干的厨师，我的母亲可以做出很多美味的菜肴。
crowd n. 人群；观众
assistancen. 帮助；支持
e.g. With some financial assistance, the young couple bought their first condo.
由于得到了一些经济援助，这对年轻夫妇买下了他们的第一套公寓。
We appreciate her coming into our assistance in the crisis.
我们感谢她在危机中伸出援手。
What if the persondoesn't really need my help?
Note: 该句中的“What if+ 从句”是针对未来可能发生的事情，尤其是不好的事情的提问，意思为“要是…该怎么办？”
e.g. What if he breaks upwith me?他要是跟我分手怎么办？
What if you don't win the race? 你 没 有 赢 得 比 赛 怎 么 办 ？
embarrass v. 使窘迫，使尴尬
e.g. I'm embarrassing her with my compliments.
我的恭维令她尴尬。
Her poor parents didn't want to embarrass her in front of her classmates.
她贫穷的父母不想让她在同学面前难为情。
risk v. 使…冒风险；面临危险 n. 危险；风险
e.g. The woman provided him an alibi at the risk of her own reputation.
这名女子冒着损坏自己名声的风险为他提供了不在场证明。
It is impossible to smoke without posing risk to your health.
吸烟不损坏健康是不可能的。
The businessman risked losing his house when he filed for bankruptcy.
在申请破产时，这位商人面临失去房子的危险。
The firefighter risked his life to save the child.
消防员冒着生命危险救了孩子。
cue n. 暗示；提示
e.g. He put up his right hand, and that was our cue to applaud.
他抬起了右手，暗示我们该鼓掌了。
As is often the case, we'd take our cue from our boss.
通常情况下，我们要看老板的眼色行事。
hold back 控制；抑制
e.g. The students are trying to hold back their laughter.
学生们试图憋住不笑。
While reading the novel, the sentimental girl couldn't hold back tears.
读小说的时候，这个多愁善感的女孩没能忍住眼泪。
（译文）“人们总是选择不采取任何行动，”研究旁观者角色的马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校心理学家欧文·斯托布说。“你脑海中出现的第一个想法往往会阻止你提供帮助。”可能会阻止你提供帮助的常见想法包括：
• 为什么要我来帮忙？我可能不是这群人中最有能力的人。你可能认为年长的人或有更多医学知识的人应该提供帮助。
• 如果这个人真的不需要我的帮助怎么办？你不想陷入尴尬。对尴尬的恐惧是强大的；没有人愿意承担这个风险，在别人面前显得愚蠢。
• 其他人看起来并不担忧——这肯定没有问题。我们从周围的人身上获得社交暗示，但大多数人在公共场合倾向于压抑自己的情绪。
3 Time and again, good and caring people fail to come to the aid of others. They know they should act and yet, for reasons they themselves don't understand, people sometimes don't respond. Long time researchers of bystander behavior continue to struggle with the question,
“Why”?
time and again屡次；常常
e.g. We've been told time and again that housing price would go down.
我们一次又一次地被告知房价会下跌。
She complained about her naughty child time and again.
她一次又一次地抱怨她顽皮的孩子。
fail v. 失败，不及格
e.g. There are many students who have failed in the math exam.
有许多学生数学考试不及格。
He was afraid that he would fail to meet his parents' expectation.
他担心他不能满足父母的期望。
...for reasons they themselves don't understand...
Note: “they themselves don't understand” 为定语从句，省略了关系代词 “that”，修饰 reasons。先行词在定语从句中做宾语。
（译文）一次又一次，善良和有爱心的人没能帮助别人。他们知道他们应该采取行动，然而，出于一些他们自己也不明白的原因，人们时常不会做出反应。长期研究旁观者行为的学者们仍在苦苦追寻“为什么”。
4 Social psychologist Michael White says that it's easy to say that our society is becoming more violent and less sensitive.“But,” he continues, “when you talk to people who observe these situations, they are usually very upset.”
... it's easy to say that our society is becoming more violent and less sensitive.
Note: 该句中使用了形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构 “to say...”。
violent a. 暴力的；猛烈的
e.g. The workers on strike were involved in a violent clash with the local police.
罢工的工人们与当地警方发生暴力冲突。
Her husband was a violent man and often hit her.
她的丈夫是一个暴力的男人，经常打她。
sensitive a. 敏感的；感觉的
e.g. In western culture, marriage and politics are sensitive topics.
在西方文化中，婚姻和政治都是敏感的话题。
She is very sensitive to temperature changes.
她对温度的变化很敏感。
observe v. 观察；遵守
e.g. The students spent the whole afternoon observing the movement of bees.
学生们整个下午都在观察蜜蜂的活动。
Humans are social animals and are supposed to observe the norms.
人是社会动物，应该遵守规范。
（译文）社会心理学家迈克尔·怀特说，要说我们的社会变得越来越暴力、越来越不敏感是很简单的。“但是，”他接着说，“当你和观察到这些情况的人交谈时，他们通常都很沮丧。”
5 One thing we do know is that the more ambiguous a situation, the less likely people are to help. Let's say you see vapors coming out of a building. You ask yourself,“Is it steam or smoke?” If you are not sure, you look to other people for a clue about how to react. If you see other people are doing nothing, you think, “Of course, that's just steam.” You don't want it to be smoke, because then you would have to do something about it.
One thing we do know is that the more ambiguous a situation, the less likely people are to help.
Note: 该句中使用了 “the more... themore...” 句式，表示 “ 越…越…”；“we do know”是省略了
关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 one thing。
ambiguous a. 模糊不清的；引起歧义的
e.g. His ambiguous voice on the phone puzzled his wife.
他在电话里模糊不清的声音，让他的妻子很疑惑。
His ambiguous response perplexed his friend who was going to throw a party.
他含糊的回答让即将开派对的朋友感到很疑惑。
likely a. 很可能的
vapor n. 蒸 汽
clue n. 线索；( 故事等的 ) 情节
e.g. The child guessed the right answer after his father gave him a clue.
在父亲给了线索之后，孩子猜到了正确的答案。
I have no clue about what happened to her.
我不知道发生在她身上的事情。
react v. 反应，作出反应
e.g. She doesn't know how her husband will react to her pregnancy.
她不知道丈夫对她的怀孕会如何反应。
This smart boy reacts quickly to his teacher's question.
这个聪明的男孩对老师的问题反应很快。
（译文）我们知道的一件事是，情况越模棱两可，人们就越不可能提供帮助。假设你看到有气体从大楼里冒出来，问自己，“是蒸汽还是烟雾？”如果不确定，你会从别人那里获得该如何应对的线索。如果看到其他人什么都不做，你会想，“当然，那只是蒸汽。”你不希望它是烟雾，因为那样你就必须采取措施。
6 Another well-known deterrent to action is known as “the bystander effect”. This says that the more people there are observing an emergency, the less responsible each one of them personally feels. For example, if you are the only person in the world who can act to save someone in a dangerous situation, you are more likely toact. However,if you are one of 100,000 people who could save the situation, you would be happier if one of the other 99,999 people did it!
deterrent n. 威慑；妨碍物a . 遏制的，威慑的
e.g. High housing pricesare deterrent for many young people who want to stay in Shanghai.
高房价使许多想留在上海的年轻人望而却步。
Deterrent weapons are used to drive protesters away.
威慑武器被用来驱逐抗议者们。
Strict law serves well as a deterrent to would-be criminals.
严明的律法可以起到很好地威慑潜在犯罪分子的作用。
Isolation could act as a deterrent to the spread of this fatal disease.
隔离可以遏制该致命疾病的传播。
This says that the more people there are observing an emergency, the less responsible each one of them personally feels.
Note: 该句中使用了 “the more... the more...” 句式，表示“越…越…”。
Paraphrase: This means that if there are lots of people witnessing the situation, each of them feels less obliged to help.
emergency n. 紧急情况；突发事件
（译文）另一个众所周知的阻碍行动的因素是“旁观者效应”。这说的是，在现场目睹紧急情况的人越多，每个人的责任感就越低。例如，如果你是世界上唯一一个能在危险的情况下出手相救的人，你就更有可能采取行动。然而，如果有 10 万人可能会挽救局势，你是其中之一，那么其他99999人中有人行动的话你就会更开心。
7 “If you spot trouble and find yourself rationalizing inaction, force yourself to stop and evaluate the situation instead of walking on,”says Ervin Staub. Then try to involve other people; you don't have to take on the entire responsibility of being helpful. According to Staub, it is sometimes just a matter of turning to the person next to you and saying, “It looks like we should do something.”Once you take action, most people will take their cues from you and also help.
If you spot trouble and find yourself rationalizing inaction, force yourself to stop and evaluate the situation instead of walking on.
Paraphrase: If you come across someone in trouble andyou are excusing yourself from doing anything about it, you should force yourself to stop and make a judgement of the situation instead of walking on.
spot v. 发现；注意到
e.g. She is in red today, so you can spot her quickly from the crowd.
她今天穿着红衣服，你可以很快从人群中发现她。
It is usually very hard for one to spot his own errors.
人通常很难发现自己的错误。
rationalize v. 为 ( 不当行为 ) 找出辩解理由
e.g. He rationalized his move by telling the public that he had a good intention.
他当众辩解，说他的行为是善意的。
She couldn't rationalize buying such an expensive bag.
她找不到任何理由买这么贵的包。
inaction n. 无行动，没反应
e.g. The governor was criticized for his inaction about pollution.
州长因没有采取行动解决污染而受到批评。
The inaction of the authority has led to the epidemic of the disease in the country.
当局的无所作为导致了该国疾病的流行。
evaluate v. 评估，评价
e.g. The effects of the trauma on patients' emotional well-being is difficult to evaluate.
很难评估创伤对患者心理健康的影响。
In the program, she taught us how to evaluate animal intelligence.
在节目中，她告诉我们如何评估动物智力。
take on 接受；承受
e.g. After the parents passed away, he took on the responsibility to be the bread winner.
父母亲去世后，他担负起赚钱养家的责任。
Nobody was willing to take on the job.
没有人愿意接受这份工作。
entire a. 全部的；整个的
e.g. I can't believe that the child has eaten an entire cake!
我简直不敢相信孩子吃了一整块蛋糕！
Her husband spent an entire day watching the game.
她的丈夫花了一整天时间观看比赛。
according to 依照；根据
e.g. According to this study, people who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer.
根据这项研究，吸烟的人更容易得肺癌。
The athletes were divided into 5 groups according to their ages.
运动员们按照年龄被分成了 5 组。
Once you take action, most people will take their cues from you and also help.
Paraphrase: Once you take action by offering help, most people will be influenced by you and offer their help too.
（译文）欧文·斯托布说 :“如果你发现了麻烦，发现自己在为自己的不作为找借口，那就强迫自己停下来，评估形势，而不是继续前行。”然后试着让其他人参与进来；你不必承担帮助别人的全部责任。根据斯托布的说法，有时候只是回过头来向你旁边的人说，“看起来我们应该做点什么。”一旦你采取行动，大多数人都会从你身上得到提示和并一起来提供帮助。
Understanding the Reading
Task 1Identifying main ideas and supporting ideas
Complete the main ideas(M) and supporting ideas (S) for three paragraphs of the passage. Write no more than three words in each blank.
Para. 5
M: The more ambiguous a situation, the less likely people are to help.
S1: If you see vapors coming from a building, you may ask yourself whether it is steam or smoke.
S2: You may look to other people for a clue about how to react.
Para. 6
M: A well-knownde terrent to action is called “the bystander effect”.
S1: This means that the more people there are observing an emergency, the less responsible each one of them personally feels to help.
S2: For example, if you are the only person in the world who can rescue someone from a(n) dangerous situation, you are more likely to act than you would if you were one out of 100,000people.
Para. 7
M: If you notice trouble and are rationalizing inaction, evaluate the situation instead of walking on.
S1: You do not have to take on the entire responsibility of being helpful.
S2: Consider turning to the person next to you and suggesting that you both take action.
Task 2 Paraphrasing
Paraphrase the following sentences from the passage according to your understanding.
1. There is an inclination to decide that no action is needed. (Para.2)
There is a tendency to decide not to help.
2. We take social cues from the people around us—but most people tend to hold back their emotions in public. (Para.2)
We follow the behavior of others, but most people hide their feelings in front of others.
3. Once you take action, most people will take their cues from you and also help.(Para.7)
If you offer help, most other people will follow your example.
Task 3Note answers to the questions below. Then discuss with a partner.
1. What is one reason why someone might avoid helping during an emergency?
Suggested answer:
One reason someone might avoid helping during an emergency is that he or she may not feel qualified to offer help, and that someone older or with medical knowledge should help instead.
2. Why is it unwise to take social cues from others while in public during an emergency?
Suggested answer:
It is unwise to take social cues from others while in public during an emergency, because most people tend to hold back their emotions in public places. If we base our behavior on such people, we will not take emergencies as seriously as we should.
3. What should you do if you notice trouble and are unsure of how to respond?
Suggested answer:
If you notice trouble and are unsure of how to respond, first, you should stop and evaluate the situation before rushing in to help. Next, you should try to involve other people so that you are not the only person responsible for helping.
Exploring Vocabulary
Task 4Replace the underlined part of each sentence with a word or phrase in the box. Change the form when necessary.
1. A(n) capable mechanic can fix the problem.(competent)
2. The actor missed the signal, and came out late.(cue)
3. The sudden rainstorm caused the roof to cave in.(collapse)
4. You will have no problem if you follow the rules.(observe)
5. My car has a(n) tendency to stall on cold mornings.(inclination)
6. Giving up smoking reduces the threat of heart disease.(risk)
7. This contract is vague, and open to different interpretations.(ambiguous)
8. She shamed her family with her rude behavior.(embarrassed)
9. The research attempts to judge the effectiveness of the different medications. (evaluate)
10. Camilla was upset when she found out that she flunked the test.(failed)
Task 5Collocations
Use collocations from the passage to complete the sentences below. Some of the words or phrases aregiven in the brackets. More than one answer may be possible. Example:
I can't come over tonight, because I need to get over this mountain of math homework. (mountain)
1. I decided to get involved in hockey in order to stay active during the winter.(involve)
2. What comes to mind when you think of summer? (come to)
3. The young man had trouble holding back emotions at hisfather's funeral. (hold back)
4. Her flu prevented her from helping us in the kitchen.(prevent)
Sentence Structures
Task 6Construct the sentences with the given words or phrases, following the models.
Model 1:
The first thoughts that come into your mind often keep you from offering help.
【that (which, who, why, how...)引导限制性定语从句】
1. assignment, hand in, on Friday, not difficult
→ The assignment that we have to hand in on Friday is not difficult.
2. the man, come to the door, this afternoon, seeyou
→ The man that came to the door this afternoon wanted to see you.
3. the class, take, last year, African art, interesting
→ The classthat I took last year on African art was very interesting.
Model 2:
Once you take action, most people will take their cues from you and also help.
【once 引导从句，表示“一旦…”】
1. finish homework, play computer games
→ Once Riley finishes his homework, he can play computer games.
2. the snow, start to fall, this morning, not leave the house
→ Once the snow started to fall this morning, I did not leave the house.
3. come home, last night, wash the dishes
→ Once Jenna came home last night, she washed the dishes.
