Research has shown that there are consistent and systematic cultural differences in the way which people send and receive information, prescription (commands and wishes), and affect. One dimension along which member of different cultures vary is the preference for high versus low context communications. Members the of low context cultures convey information directly and rely heavily on verbal communication. Members of high context cultures convey limited information in coded messages; they are more apt to influenced by situational cues and communicate in an indirect and often ambiguous way. What follows are some aspects of interpersonal communication that are known to different cross-culturally and which contribute significantly to the effectiveness of information exchange. The underlying principle is that both emitted and received/perceived behaviors occur with a complex sociocultural context with particular rules and conventions.
(How can we translate the terms, "high context culture and low context culture"?)
Non-verbal communication
Nonverbal signals play an important role in communicating attitudes, in expressing emotions, and in supporting speech by elaborating what is said. They also provide feedback from listeners to sender and assist in synchronizing verbal interactions by indicating to the participants when it is their turn to speak, when it is their turn to listen, and when it is appropriate to interrupt. Although the meaning of some non-verbal signals is universal, many vary across cultures.
(What does "non-verbal" mean?)
Mutual gaze.
Levels of mutual gaze vary across cultures. Arabs and Latin Americans display a high frequency of mutual gaze while Europeans display a comparatively lower frequency. When persons from high-and low-gaze cultures meet, the behavior of the low-gaze participant may be interpreted as impolite, not paying attention and dishonest while the high- gaze person may be seen as disrespectful, threatening, or insulting.
Bodily contact.
Cultures also vary in the extent to which they allow bodily contact. Contact cultures include Arab, Latin American, and Southern European groups. In non-contact societies, touching is only allowed under very restricted conditions, such as within the family, in brief handshakes with strangers, or in specialized role relationships (e.g. doctors, dentists and tailors). Contact outside these approved settings can be a source of considerable anxiety. When a high-touch culture meets a low-touch one, the low-contact person is seen as aloof, cold and unfriendly, whereas the high-contact person may be seen as sexually predatory. Northern Europeans are very sensitive about having their personal space invaded, unlike the Southern Europeans, who prefer to sit and stand much closer to each other. Arab societies are high-contact cultures. However, this only applies to same-sex touching. Physical contact between members of the opposite sex in public is rare and regarded as offensive. East- Asian societies, particularly China, Korea, and Japan, tend to be low tactile cultures, the reluctance towards interpersonal touch by members of those societies being ascribed to the influence of Confucianism with its emphasis on prescribed public social deportment.
Gestures.
Gestures and their significance vary widely across cultures. Some gestures are used in one culture and not in others, and the same gesture can have quite diverse, indeed opposite, meanings in different cultures. For instance, in the United States a raised thumb is used asa signal of approval or approbation, and even has a name, the "thumbs up" signal. However, in Greece the same sign is employed as an insult, often being associated with the expression katsapano" or sit on this." Another example is the ring sign, performed by bringing the tips of the thumb and finger together so that they form a circle. For most English-speaking people it means"okay" and is widely known as the OK" gesture. But in some sections of France the ring means zero or worthless. In English-speaking countries disagreement is signaled by shaking the head, but in Greece and southern Italy the head-toss is employed to signify “no”.

