分词作定语
分词作定语有两种形式。
1.前置定语
【定义】它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。
【用法】单个现在分词作定语或说明被修饰的名词的性质和特征的分词作定语时，都放在所修饰 的
名词前。
e.g. He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。
e.g. Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。
2.后置定语
【定义】有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。
【用法】现在分词短语作定语时需要后置。
e.g. The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。
分词短语作定语
分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。
e.g. Those wishing to join this club should sign here. 想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。
(=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)
e.g. The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。
(The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)
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分词完成时态
1.完成时态的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。
我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate. 而说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate. 2.非限定性的完成时态作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。
e.g. Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。
e.g. Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。
过去分词短语做后置定语
一、定义与讲解
【定义】过去分词作后置定语，在语态上表示与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，在时间上表示动作已经
发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾关系。
1.及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意义。
e.g. a broken cup a cup which is broken
a wounded soldier a soldier who was wounded
2.不及物动词的过去分词，不表示被动，具有主动和完成意义。
e.g. a grown woman a woman who has grown
a retired officer an officer who has retired
二、过去分词作定语的几种情况
1.过去分词单独作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。
e.g. We needed much more qualified workers. 我们需要更多合格的工人。
e.g. My friend is a returned student. 我的朋友是个海归。
2.过去分词单独也是可以做后置定语的。
e.g. The experience gained will give you more confidence to help your customers. 你获得的经验会给你更多信心去帮助客户。
3.过去分词短语作定语要放在被所修饰的名词之后，做后置定语，相当于定语从句。
e.g. The student dressed in white is my daughter. =the student who is dressed in white is my daughter. 穿白色衣服的同学是我的女儿。
e.g. Hangzhou, known to the nation for its West Lake, has changed greatly. = Hangzhou, which known to the nation for its West Lake, has changed greatly. 以西湖闻名全国的杭州已发生巨大的变化。
4.如果被修饰的词是有every/ some/ any/ no +thing/ body/ one所构成的复合名词或指示代词those等时，
即使一个单一的分词做形容词， 也要放在被修饰词的后面。
e.g. Is there anything unsolved? 还有没解决的问题吗？
e.g. There is nothing changed here since I left this town. 从我离开这个城镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。
