III Formats of a research paper   P₂₆₃

(1) componentsof a paper    P₂₆₃

a．thesis statement and outline

b．introduction

c．body

d．conclusion

(2) use ofnotes    P₂₆₇

— avoid plagiarism !!

   Acknowledge every quotation

— note forms: footnotes and end notes vs in-text notes(parentheses with references)  P₂₆₈  (name of author + year of publication + pagenumber）

(3) Workscited     P₂₇₄

   —all sources to be included are alphabetically arranged accordingto the last names of the authors in a single list

*sample paper   P₂₇₅

Games: 1. The Detective

       2. What's the explanation? P₉₂

 

IV Supplementary materials: from Formand Style (Slade) P_77-96

I Style:formal rather than colloquial

(1)Diction — basically no colloquial words

(2) Tone — serious and objective

(3) Voice:a．More passive voice than in other writings

         b．No first-person writing

(4)Economy of words in writing

(5) Tenses:base tense throughout the paper

(5) SentenceStructure: active and passive voices in sentences

(6)Expletive words — avoid  P81

(7) parallelism— ranking techniques

(8) Logicalconsistency P83

(9) Coherence

(10) Unbiasedlanguage

 

IIMechanics  P85

(1) Spelling

(2)Abbreviation

(3)Hyphenation

(4)Italics

(5) Titlesof works    P89

(6)Capitalization

(7)Numbers

(8)Enumeration

 

Supplementary teachingmaterials

(continued from chapter 3)

Figures of Speech (I)

黄任：《英语修年与写作》

Chapters7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16    P_63ff

(1)Examplesfrom the book

(2) Explanation

(3) sentencewriting — cf P₁₅  P₅₇  Five-minute Activities

 

I Simile

(1) Examples

a．It is with words as with sunbeams — the more they are condensed, the deeper they burn.

b．She spokehurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boy’s words.

c．with quicknessof a long cat, she climbed into the nest of cool-bladed foliage

(2) subject / tenor  本体

   Reference/ vehicle 喻体

   Similemarker / indicator of resemblance 比喻词

(3) Functions of simile in description /exposition

   长得像绿豆芽似的

  Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soonwe cannot break it.

   ﹡Vividness, impressivenessand easy to understand

 

II Metaphor暗喻— condensed simile

A．Examples

(1) The news is dagger to his heart

(2) Joe was a lion in the battle

(3) She was strangled in the net of gossip

B．Functions of metaphor

 —Noindicator of resemblance

— more subtle

Eg: Moneyis the lens in a camera.

III Pitfalls

Improper examples

(1) Paullooks very much like his brother

    同类对象不适用于 simile / metaphor

(2) Theboy is more than intelligent

  An emphatic structure does not mean simile / metaphor

(3) drink like a bull?

   — drink like a horse: in the English Way of thinking

 

III Analogy(类比) & Allegory 讽喻/寓意    P₇₄

A．analogy

— compare two things of different natures

—different from simile / metaphor in that analogy usu comeswith further explanation

Eg: It’s with our judgments as with our watches;nonego just alike, yet each believes his own.

B．Allegory 讽喻-- less direct metaphor

   Eg:No rose without a thorn.

     It’s time to turn swords into ploughs.

 

Ⅳ Metonymy (换喻／借代) & Synecdoche提喻（整体代部分或部分代整体）P₇₈

eg．He must have been spilt from the cradle

   (metonymy) childhood

More handsare needed at the moment

   (synecdoche)

* More examples： P₈₀+P₈₁

Thisfamous port used to be crowded with masts

   (synecdoche)

Every governmentshould attend to cleaning its own Augean stables. (metonymy)

 

Ⅴ Personification，Zoosemy.  Onomatopoeia  P₈₅

       拟人         拟物        拟声

Comparedwith metaphors

— a special kind of metaphor

 

 

Figuresof Speech (II)

IPersonification

Inanimate (unfeeling) — animate

in human — human

— a kind ofinetaphor

Eg: The sun kissed the green fields.

The thirsty desert drank up the water.

Ambition is but Avarice on stilts and masked.

(stilt: 高跷walkingpoles)

   The goat was so fussy that he often cried for wolf.

   cf．transferred epithet 移就—similar to Personification in this aspect

Other examples of transferred epithet:

a dizzy height

a sleepless night

a sweet voice

an icy look

a bottleneck of a crossroad

an amazed silence

a protesting chair

 

IIZoosemy 拟物

Human — inhuman

Eg: Terribly hungry, the man wolfed dawn the cake.

Children are flower of ourcountry

   Compare：

Ill-gotten wealth is like apalace built on the sand. － simile

Ill- gotten wealth is a palace built on thesand. — metaphor

Ill- gotten wealth is but an evil friend. — personification

His spoilt children are (like) ill-gotten goods thatwill never prosper. (zoosemy)

Like a loon, he rushes to meet his foe.

He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen tohoer him crow.

He slept like a log.

 

IIIOnomatopoeia (A method ofword formation)  P₉₀

chortle 哈哈大笑

snigger 扑嗤地笑

snore 呼噜

mumble 咕噜地说话

mutter 咕噜，嘀咕

cackle 母鸡咯咯叫

clink  碰杯声

clank 金属撞击声

bump  重物碰撞声

crack  鞭炮声

grumble 抱怨声

bang  关门声

boom / rumble  雷声

groan， miow， mur， quack， crow， hiss

 

Ⅳ Hyperbole, understatement and euphemism   P_106ff

(1) Hyperbole

Eg: From his mouth flowed speechsweeter than honey. (comparative/ superlative )

    John is thegreatest footballer in the world.

Thanks a million

The two sisters are different in a thousand and oneways.

They almost died laughing / I’m starving / bursting

 

(2) Understatement   P₁₀₈

  That’s no laughing matter.

   Shewas not without ambition.

  You’ll have to be a bit careful with that guy — he is an cunning as a fox.

 

(3) Euphemism    P₁₁₁

Tactful expression 变通表达

eg．Pass away — die

    go to the bathroom — go to the toilet

    firstClass — Deluxe / Premium Class

    Second Class — Business/ Economy Class

 

Figuresof Speech (III)

IＰun (双关) Ｐ₁₃₉  黄任《英语修辞与写作》

(1) Definition：a form of speech play in which a word or phraseunexpectedly and simultaneously combines tan unrelated meanings

Eg: a: Drunk drivers put the quart (a quarter of agallon) before the hearse

    Cf:＂put the cart before the horse＂本末倒置

    b:I finally figured out how government works.

     The Senate gets the bill from the House,

the President gets the bill from the senate,

and we get the bill for everything

(2) Three elements of pun

a．double context：prerequisite

b．hinge：linguisticfeatures of a word, etc

c．trigger：contributor诱发因素

More examples：

a: What is that which, though blank itself, enlightensthe world?

  Answer：ink

b: Try our sweet corn, you’ll smile from ear to ear

* ear：玉丰穗头；耳朵

IISyllepsis 一语双叙 / 轭式搭配（zeugma）

Literary meaning 直义

Figurative meaning 喻义

Eg：(1) She had to swallow bread and butter anda spasm of emotion.

(2) He fought with desperation and a stout club.

(3) He had a blue heart and coat yesterday.

(4) I got up early in the morning and managed to catcha bus and a cold.

(5) We sell clothes that fit the figures and the times.

(6) Lawsuit consumes time, and money, and rest, and friends.

IIIAlliteration, Assonance & Consonance

Examples of Alliteration 头韵

(1) Promise, problem and provision

(2) TheUStrade policy is often viewed asinconsistent, incoherent and incomprehensible to the countries of the origin.

 

Examples of Assonance   元音韵 / 母韵

(1) fair and square, nearand dear, wear and tear

(2) The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,

The lowing (mooing of a cow, etc) herd wind slowlyover the lea,

The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,

And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

Examples of consonance 尾韵 / 辅音韵

(1) rough and tough, a blessed ghost

(2) When I lent I was a friend; when I asked I was unkind.

 

 

Varietyin Sentence Structure  P₄₇  黄任《英语写作与修辞》

IGrammatical classification

By function

—declarative sentence 陈述句

—interrogative sentence 疑问句

 —imperative sentence 祈使句

 — exclamatory sentence 感叹句

By structure

   — simplesentence  简单句

   — compound sentence 并列句

   — complex sentence复合句=embedded(主句中包含分句)sentenee

— compound-complexsentence 并列复合句

 

IIRhetorical classification   P₄₉

(1) periodic sentence 掉尾句— key point placed at the end of a sentence

Also known as empathetic sentence

examples P₅₀

(2) loose sentence 松散句

Eg: compound sentences 并列句 (主句在前从句在后的复合句)

Examples   P₅₁

(3) cumulative sentence  P₅₁  渐进句

A．basicsentence + details for further expansion

eg．The fall came early that year, the trees turning bareovernight, their yellow leaves scattered by the winds.

B．details +basic sentence  P₅₂

eg．Their hair tousled, their clothes wrinkled, their eyesdull and half-shut, they had the look of the recently sick.

cf．climactic sentence 层进句 *并列式

Some booksare to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed anddigested.

(4) Anti-climactic Sentence 突降句   Ｐ₅₂

* a sudden drop in semantic references forhumorous Purposes?

cf end weight（尾重）

eg: As a serious young man, I lovedBeethoven, Keats, and hot dogs.

For God, forAmerica, and for Yale (the motto ofYale Uni) Yale is emphasized.

Religion, creditand the eye are not to be touched — Proverb

宗教、荣誉和眼睛都不能亵渎。

You manage abusiness, stocks, bonds, people and now you can manage your hair.

(5) Elliptical sentence  省略句— laconic style

— in a certain context

eg．— Got troubles?

— sure have.

— up late last night?

— Yeah. Big party.

“I came, I saw, Iconquered.” Julius Caesar

cfabbreviations   P₅₅

eg: etc -- et cetera/ and others

i.e -- that is

Mr -- Mister

NATO -- the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(6) Repetitive sentences  重复句   Ｐ₅₅

— for coherence / emphasis

examples   P_56-57

Quintilian: (1) reduplication:repetition of same words / phrases

          (2) Synonymy / interpretation: use ofsimilar words /phrases

(7) Long &short sentences   P_57-58

Game: You write next

P₁₀₀  Five-minute activities

Journalistic writing

 

1. Teaching Objectives:

- to familiarizestudents with the basic elements of an English news report

- to help studentswrite effective news reports

 

2. Key points to address:

- common errors injournalistic writing

- how to write in a concise yetpunchy way

 

3. Main teaching contents and steps:

a. students studysamples of new items with the supervision of the teacher

b. teacherexplains basic requirements of writing a new item in English

c. student practicewriting news items in English in class and after class

 

Sample 1

InternationalCoking Co. completed second battery on Dec 16

       With the completion of the second 1million mt/year coking battery, the International Coking Company – a subsidiary of Shandong Yanzhou Coal Mining Group – has got its 2 million mt/year coking project onstream on December 16, Yanzhou Coal said.

       Out of around 2.7 million mt/year ofcrude coal, the coking project is now capable of producing around 2 millionmt/year of first-grade coke and around 200,000 mt/year of methanol, anexecutive of Yanzhou Coal told Platts. Most of the coke will be sold to localsteel mills, with around 30% targeted at overseas markets, he adds.

       Jointly invested by Yanzhou Coal, Brazil’s CVRD and Japan’s ItochuShoji Corporation, the 2 million mt/year coking project was launched in June2004, using secondhand German coking equipment.

       Yanzhou Coal produced 34.66 million mt ofcrude coal in 2005, most of which was thermal coal. The company expects tosteadily increase its coal output in the coming years.

 

 

Sample 2

China’s annualized rate of coal production at 2.03 billionmt for 2006

      Chinamined a total of 1.8 billionmt of crude coal in the first 11 months of 2006, up 11.9% year-on-year. InNovember alone, China’s coal output totaled 189.7 million mt, up9.1% year-on-year, according to statistics provided by China’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).

       As such, the January-November total coaloutput annualizes at 2.03 billion mt for 2006, up from 1.8 billion mt in 2005,according to the NBS statistics. This is despite China’s continuous efforts to rein in the production ofsmaller and/or unqualified coalmines throughout the past few months.

       China’s cokeoutput totaled 253 million mt in the first 11 months, up 17.5% year-on-year. InNovember alone,Chinaproduced 25.5 million mt of coke, up 19.5% year-on-year.

       The January-November total coke outputannualizes at 276.5 million mt for 2006, up from 232.8 mt in 2005. This againproves the looming overcapacity in China’s cokeindustry.

       China’s combinedcoking capacity is estimated to have easily exceeded 300 million mt/year, asPlatts has previously reported. As China’ssteelmaking industry improves its coke utilization rate and cuts back the totalsteelmaking capacity, China’s coke industry will be faced with moreserious overcapacity.

 

 

Sample 3

China’s thermal coal attracts lower prices:NDRC

 

China’s thermal coal markets have been on a slowdecline, according to a market update released by the National Development andReform Commission (NDRC) on May 25.

Accordingto the NDRC market update, thermal coal with a calorific value of around 5,500kcal/kg fetched FOB prices of RMB 435-445/mt ($56.50-57.80/mt) at the end of Aprilat northern Chinese coal ports, including Qinhuangdao. This shows a decrease ofaround RMB 10/mt from the end of March and down by around RMB 40/mt from thehigh of March.

At southernChina’s coal ports, including Ningbo port and Guangzhou port, however,ex-carrier prices for 5,500 kcal/kg thermal coal had stabilized since March –at around RMB 560-570/mt and RMB 575-585/mt respectively, sources told Platts.

Meanwhile,domestic ocean freights for thermal coal have climbed slightly. At the end ofApril, ocean freights between Qinhuangdao and Ningbo rose by around RMB 2-5/mt month-on-month to aroundRMB 70-72/mt and ocean freights between Qinhuangdaoand Guangzhouclimbed to around RMB 85-87/mt, also up by around RMB 2-5/mt.

Arguingthat the supply of quality thermal coal has fallen short of the demand, aShanxi-based industry expert

believesthat prices for Chinese thermal coal – especially quality thermal coal – willfirm up soon. “The increased

coalimports indicate thatChinahas been getting more and more low-quality thermal coal, which will only increasethe demand for quality thermal coal to blend with,” the expert noted.

Coal stocksat Qinhuangdaohave also been whittled down to around 5.7 million mt, down from around 6.1 millionmt in late April and early May, a port executive told Platts. This is mainlybecause the month-long maintenance work has affected the transportationcapacity of the Datong-Qinhuangdao rail line.

China produced a total of 200.5 million mt ofcrude coal in April, up 8.3% year-on-year, according to NDRC statistics. Coalexports, however, fell to 3.47 million mt in April, down by 2.22 million mt(39.1%) year-on-year.

 

Sample 4

Shanxiresolves to slash its coke industry to 150 firms by 2010

 

In light ofthe alarming overcapacity in China’s coke industry and worrying environmentalissues, Northern China’s Shanxi province aims to cut the total number of itscoking companies to around 150 by 2010 – down from the current total of around600, according to an announcement by the provincial economic and trade commissionof Shanxi.

“Thegovernment will have to take extremely strict measures to achieve the goal of150 coking companies by 2010,” a Shanxi-based coke trader commented to Platts.

Accordingto him, there were around 900 coking companies in Shanxi in 2005 and the number was reduced toaround 600 in 2006.

Of theexisting coking companies, only around 150 have registered with provincialauthorities. The difficulty with shutting down those unregistered cokingcompanies is believed to have mainly resulted from local economic nepotism,that is, local governments have been lending support to those small cokingcompanies for taxation and employment purposes.

Accordingto the announcement by the provincial economic and trade commission, Shanxi’s coking capacitywas cut down by around 45 million mt in 2006. In an effort to prevent closedcoking companies from recovery, Shanxi hadcommanded in November 2006 that Shanxirailroads should not transport coke produced by those unregistered cokingcompanies, as Platts has previously reported.

Shanxi produced around 79.5 million mt of coke in2005 and is expected to produce similar amounts in 2006, according toofficially released statistics. The actual combined coking capacity of Shanxi, however, isbelieved to stand at around 150 million mt/year.

 

 

Task:write a news item in English on the basis of the following Chinese news item(No Translation!)

 

鹤城区最后一条通乡公路日前开工

       5月1日，艳阳高照，天气晴好，209国道至凉亭坳乡集镇的公路上一派繁忙景象，机声隆隆、热闹非凡的施工场面给乡村的节日增添了不少喜庆的气氛。全长1.7公里、鹤城区境内最后一条通乡公路，在凉亭坳老百姓多年的殷切期盼中终于破土动工了。该公路的竣工建成将标志着鹤城区通乡公路建设任务的圆满完成。
　　今年以来，凉亭坳乡党委政府紧紧围绕社会主义新农村建设的客观要求，通过积极有效的运作，不断加大了该乡基础设施建设的步伐和力度。到目前为止，全乡5条通村公路已竣工两条，其余3条正在紧张施工中；用于改善集镇卫生状况的4个垃圾池和垃圾填埋场已建成投入使用；车站和市场建设也已进入征地拆迁工作阶段；修建于七十年代的政府办公用房改造计划已立项，新的办公大楼预计年内可开工修建。这一系列项目的建成和完善不仅将改善了群众的居行条件，满足了群众日益增长的商品交易和文化生活的需要，更重要的在于经济环境的优化必将拉动乡村经济的发展，从而保障了新农村建设在凉亭坳乡的稳步向前推进。