1) Negative Prefixes 

a-  meaning ' not, without, opposite to'    apolitical -- having no interest in or association with politics 不关心政治的，对 政治不感兴趣或与政治无关的  asexual -- 无性的, 无性生殖的

dis- meaning ' not, the converse of '     discredit – n. loss of or damage to one's reputation 不名誉, 耻辱 lack or loss of trust or belief; doubt 不信，失去信任；怀疑 disgrace -- to bring shame or dishonor on 使羞辱；disprove -- to prove to be false, invalid, or in error; refute 证明…不真实；证 明…虚假或不正确；反驳 disuse – v. n. 废止, 停止使用 words that have fallen into disuse 废止不用的词     dishonest, dissatisfaction, displeased, 

2) Pejorative（derogative) Prefixes 

mal- meaning ' badly, bad , added to verbs, participles, adjectives, and abstract nouns.     maltreat, malformed 畸形的, malfunction – n. 故障 v. 发生故障运转不正常 

mis- ' wrongly, astray ', added to verbs, participles, and abstract nouns     misinterpret, misleading, misunderstanding misconduct – n. behavior not conforming to prevailing standards or laws            行为不端 v. misbehave – vi. to behave badly 举止不端          v.t t o behave (oneself) in an inappropriate way 行为不端，举止不当

pseudo- ' false, imitation', a productive with nouns and adjectives     pseudonym 假名, 笔名, pseudo-friend, pseudoscience, pseudo-metal

3) Prefixes of Degree or Size 

arch- ' of highest rank, chief, supreme '      archangel, archbishop, archduke 大公, arch-capitalist,  archenemy 大敌，首敌 arch-rival  

extra- ' very ', productive with adjectives    extra-large, extra-strong, extra-bright, extra-fine, extra-special 异常优秀的

 hyper- ' extreme '     hypercautious 谨小慎微的, hypercritical 苛求的，吹毛求疵的 hypersensitive 过度敏感的 hyperactive 活动过度的, 极度活跃的 

macro- ' large ', forming technical terms     macroeconomics 宏观经济学, macrostructure 宏观结构,  'macrocosm -- the entire world; the universe 整个世界，宏观世界，宇宙 

micro- ' very small ', forming mostly scientific or technical terms     microsurgery 显微外科手术, microwave, microfilm, microcomputer, microbiology, microelectronics, 

mini- ' little ' minibus, minicab 微型出租车,  mini-camera 小型照相机, 

 out- ' surpassing ', with verbs, nouns and adjectives to form new transitive verbs outlive, outrun, outlast, outride outjump 比…跳得高(或远), outsell 卖得比...多 

4) Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude 

anti- ' against, opposed ', productive with nouns and adjectives     anti-abortion, antinuclear

counter- ‘ against, in opposition to ’     counteroffer -- an offer made in return by one who rejects an unsatisfactory offer；   counteraccusation 反控, counterstrike, 

pro- ' for, in favor of ' proabortion 赞成人工流产合法化的 pro-American 亲美的 

5) Locative Prefixes 

extra- ' outside ',with adjectives extra-curricular, extramarital 私通的，婚外的 extrasolar[天](存在于或来自于)太阳系以外的 extraterritorial -- 治外法权的, 在疆界以外的, 不受管辖的

fore- ' the front part of, placed at the front ' forehead, forearm, foreleg, forefoot 

inter- ' between, among ' interpersonal, interstate, intermarriage 联姻, 异族结婚, 近亲结婚, interplay, interdependence

intra- ' within 'productive with nouns and adjectives to form adjectives intra-party, intrageneration,  intranasal 鼻内的 intranational 国内的， 民族内的

trans- ' across, from one place to another '    transcontinental, transworld环球旅游的，遍及全球的, 世界范围的, transpacific

2. Suffixation 

1) Noun Suffixes 

(1) Denominal Nouns Concrete: The suffixes of this group are added to noun roots to produce concrete nouns. 

-er  ' having the dominant characteristic, denizen of '     glover手套贩卖商，手套制造人, New Yorker, southerner for more examples 

-ess ' female ' priestess, empress, hostess, stewardess, lioness 

-smith ' a maker of something ' gunsmith, goldsmith, silversmith, blacksmith, wordsmith 词语大师,语言专家 

-ist ' adherent to beliefs and behavior '     psychiatrist(psychiatry 精神病学, 精神病治疗法), perfectionist, violinist,  environmentalist, extremist –

 ette ' small ', ' imitation '     kitchenette, cigarette, stauette, essayette 短文 roomette -- a small private compartment in a railroad sleeping car 小包房，列车 卧铺车厢的小私人包房 leathertte 人造革 

-let ' small, unimportant '    droplet, booklet, starlet, playlet 短剧, 小戏 

2）Abstract: 

-age ' measure of, process or state '     mileage 英里数, 英里里程, footage 英尺数；

-dom  'state, condition ' officialdom官场, 官僚作风, martyrdom牺牲, 殉难, 受苦, dukedom公爵领地, 公爵爵位，gangsterdom 强盗或流氓行为,[总称]黑社会, (bore 令人讨厌的人) boredom 厌倦 

-ery, -ry ' condition or behavior associated with '    slavery, devilry 恶行, 残暴, savagery 野蛮状态；暴行    ' place '    bakery, winery, nunnery, machinery, jewelry 

-ful ' amount contained in '    armful, mouthful, pocketful, houseful 

-hood ' state, condition '    adulthood 成人期, daughterhood 女儿身份,女儿时期, widowerhood 鳏居,丧妻 

-ism ' doctrine of, practice of '     terrorism,  ageism -- discrimination based on age, especially prejudice against the elderly 年龄歧视，尤其指对老年人的偏见  sexism -- discrimination based on gender, especially discrimination against women 性别歧视

-ship 'occupation, position '     ambassadorship 大使的职位, governorship 州长的职位、任期或权限, authorship 作家职业     ' skill and ability '     craftsmanship 技能, 技术, 

(3) Deverbal Nouns 

 -ant ' occupation and participation ' informant, applicant, contestant, inhabitant, attendant 出席者, 服务员,  ' an object or substance ' coolant 冷却剂；冷却用润滑油 pollutant 污染物质

 -ee ' receiver of the action ' addressee 收信人, 收件人, nominee 被提名的人, 被任命者 internee -- one who is interned or confined, especially in wartime. 

-er ' doer of the action ', very productive, referring to both persons and non-persons photographer(photograph -- vt.照相；为…而拍照) recorder, cooker, mixer

-age ' action of, instance of ' spillage 溢出, marriage, linkage 连接，连合, 

-al ' the process or state of ' survival, refusal, proposal,  dismissal 免职, 解雇

-ance  （-ence） performance, insurance, attendance， persistence, existence, recurrence 

-ation, -tion, -sion, -ion  expectation 

-ment  ' result of ' assessment, resentment

2) Verb Suffixes 

-ate  ' give, make, or become ' valid -- [律]有效的, 有根据的  origin -- 起源, 由来,  hyphen -- 连字号 originate, hyphenate, validate -en 'make or become '     flatten, sicken, stiffen toughen, deafen, threaten, cheapen 减价, 跌价 

-ify, -fy glorify; classify, dignify, horrify, purify, qualify, solidify 

-ize ' related to, make '     symbolize, visualize 形象化, 想象, apologize, sympathize, hospitalize, generalize

3) adjective Suffixes  (1) Denominal Suffixes –

-able 'having the stated quality or condition '     valuable, comfortable, fashionable, knowledgeable, pleasurable 

-ed  added to those noun/adj-plus-noun compounds pear-shaped, giant-sized, blue-eyed, moon-faced 

-ful merciful, dutiful, tactful 

-ic 'resembling, connected with '     idiotic, patriotic, angelic, atomic, heroic, poetic, symbolic, cubic, acidic 

-ish 'somewhat like, approximately ' monkeyish 猴子似的, 胡闹的, nightmarish, snobbish, clownish 

-less ' without ' nameless, brainless, humorless, hopeless, painless ' unmeasurable ' priceless, timeless 永恒的 

-ly ' having the qualities of ' soldierly, cowardly, deathly, orderly, saintly, brotherly ' frequency ' hourly, fortnightly, yearly,  

-y  ' characterized by ' flowery, grassy, smoky, bloody, dreamy, leafy, dusty