Passage One
【主题分类】选择题+生物科学
【高级表达】
biological adj. 生物的，生物学的
deficiency n. 缺乏，缺陷
incentive n. adj. 激励，诱因
pharmaceutical adj. 制药的
accumulate v. 积累
imply v. 暗含，暗指
【关键句型】
1. It would seem silly to call such a thing a “disease.” 将衰老称作“疾病”似乎很愚蠢。
2. On the other hand, scientists are increasingly learning that aging and biological age are two different things, and that the former is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart disease, cancer and many more. 另一方面，科学家越来越认识到衰老和生物学年龄是两码事，前者是诸如心脏病、癌症等多种疾病的主要风险因素。
3. He said that describing aging as a disease creates incentives to develop treatments. 他说将衰老述为一种疾病会促使 人们研发治疗方法。
4. …the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible. 衰老可以被治愈 这一想法意味着人类的寿命可以延 长，一些研究人员认为这是可能的。
【答案解析】
46. 答案:B
定位:由题干中的 generally believe about aging 定位到第一段第一句:Aging happens to all of us, and is generally thought of as a natural part of life.
详解:推理判断题。文章开篇指出，衰老发生在我们所有人身上，通常被认为是生命的自然组成部分。既然是生命的自然组成部分，也就是说衰老无法改变，人们无计可施。由此推断，人们通常认为他们对衰老无能为力，故答案为 B。
47. 答案:A
定位:由题干中的 scientists 定位到第二段:On the other hand, scientists are increasingly learning that aging and biological age are two different things, and that the former is a key risk factor for conditions such as heart disease, cancer and many more. In that light, aging itself might be seen as something treatable, the way you would treat high blood pressure or a vitamin deficiency.
详解:实施细节题。文章第二段提到，另一方面，科学家越来越认识到衰老和生物学年龄是两码事，前者是诸如心脏病、癌症等多种疾病的主要风险因素。这样看来，衰老本身或许可以看作是能治疗的，就像治疗高血压或维 生素缺乏一样。由此可见，现在有许多科学家认为衰老可能被预防和治疗，故答案为 A。
48. 答案:D
定位:由题干中的 Alex Zhavoronkov 和 describing aging as a disease 定位到第三段:Biophysicist Alex Zhavoronkov believes that aging should be considered a disease. He said that describing aging as a disease creates incentives to develop treatments.
详解:语义理解题。文章第三段指出，生物物理学家亚历克斯·扎沃洛科夫认为衰老应该被视为一种疾病。他说将衰老论述为一种疾病会促使人们研发治疗方法。换句话说，它将促使医生和药剂师找到治疗衰老的方法，故答案为 D。
49. 答案:
定位:由题干中的 medical community 定位到第五段最后一句:The medical community also takes aging for granted, and can do nothing about it except keep people within a certain health range.
详解:推理判断题。第五段最后一句提到，医学界也认为衰老是理所当然的，除了让人们保持在一定的健康范围内之外，他们对此无能为力。由此可见，他们只能在有限的程度上促进人们的健康，故答案为 C。
50. 答案:A
定位:由题干中的 Professor Leonard Hayflick 定位到第八段:Leonard Hayflick, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco, said the idea that aging can be cured implies the human lifespan can be increased, which some researchers suggest is possible. Hayflick is not among them.
详解:观点态度题。第八段提到，旧金山加利福尼亚大学的伦纳德·海弗里克教授说，衰老可以被治愈这一想 法意味着人类的寿命可以延长，一些研究人员认为这是可能的。但海弗里克并不这么认为。由此可见，伦纳德·海 弗里克教授认为人的寿命不能被延长。A 项中的 be prolonged 是对原文中 be increased 的同义转述，故为答案。
Passage Two
【主题分类】选择题+女性问题
【高级表达】
Geoscience n. 地理科学
gender bias性别歧视
mentor v. 指导 n. 指导者
postdoctoral adj. 博士后的
counterpart n. 对应物，职位相当的人
【关键句型】
1. Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, compared with their male counterparts. 和男性申请者相比，女性在申请地球科学博士后时，其获得优秀推荐 信的几率大概是男性的一半。
2. Men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring (指导), and have better odds of being hired.男性的起薪更高，会得到更多的指导，也有更大的受雇几率。
3. Studies show they’re also perceived as more competent than women in STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. 研究表明，在 STEM(科学、技术、工程和数学)领域，他们也被认为比女性更有能力。
4. They found that female applicants were only half as likely to get outstanding letters, compared with their male counterparts. 他们发现，与男性相比， 女性申请者只有一半的可能性得到优秀推荐信。
5. She says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at a potential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than outstanding letters of recommendation.她说研究结果仍然表明，在地球科学 领域，女性申请者在职业生涯初期就因为得不到优秀的推荐信而处于潜在的不利地位。
【答案解析】
51. 答案:C
定位:由题干中的 applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences 定位到第一段第一句:Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, compared with their male counterparts. Christopher Intagliata reports.
详解:实施细节题。第一段第一句指出，和男性申请者相比，女性在申请地球科学博士后时，其获得优秀推荐信的几率大概是男性的一半。也就是说，男性比女性更可能获得优秀的推荐信，故答案为 C。
52. 答案:C
定位:由题干中的 studies 和 show 定位到第二段第三句:Studies show they’re also perceived as more competent than women in STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields.
详解:实施细节题。文章第二段第三句明确指出，研究表明，在 STEM(科学、技术、工程和数学)领域，他 们也被认为比女性更有能力。由此可见，研究表明男性更擅长 STEM 学科，C 项中的 better able to excel 是对原文 more competent 的同义改写，故为答案 C。
53. 答案:B
定位:由题干和各选项定位到第三段:“...Compare those excellent letters with a merely good letter: ‘The candidate was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or something that’s clearly solid praise,’ but nothing that singles out the candidate as exceptional or one of a kind.”
详解:推理判断题。第三段第一句提到凯海琳·达特说，优秀的推荐信一般会这样写:这是我带过的最好的学生。第二句接着将优秀的推荐信与一封“还不错”的推荐信进行对比，后者会写:该申请者效率高或很聪明，是个 理智的科学家等这种明显生硬的赞扬，但这并没有让申请者从众多申请人中脱颖而出。题干问有关给女性申请者写 的推荐信，研究发现了什么。结合上文女性获得优秀推荐信的几率大概是男性的一半这一研究结果可以推断，女性 收到的往往不是优秀的推荐信，而是“还不错”的推荐信，这些推荐信没有包含使她们脱颖而出的内容，故答案为 B。
54. 答案:D
定位:由题干中的 Dutt and her colleagues 和 more than 1, 200 letters of recommendation 定位到第四段第一、二句: Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctoral positions in geoscience. They were all edited for gender and other identifying information, so Dutt and her team could assign them a score without knowing the gender of the student.
详解:实施细节题。本题提问达特和同事们如何处理这 1,200 多封推荐信。文章第四段前两句指出，达特和同事们研究了 1,200 多封申请地球科学博士后的推荐信。这些推荐信中所有有关性别和其他的识别信息都被编辑过，这 样达特和她的团队在不知道学生性别的情况下为推荐信打分数。由此可见，他们删除了所有关于性别的信息，故答案为 D。
55. 答案:A
定位:由题干中的 aim 定位到文章最后一段:“...the point is to use the results of this study to open up meaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias, be it at a departmental level or an institutional level or even a discipline level.” Which may lead to some recommendations for the letter writers themselves.
详解:推理判断题。最后一段到，达特的研究目的是利用这项研究结果对隐含的性别偏见开启有意义的对话，无论是在部门层面，还是在机构层面，甚至是学科层面。这可以给写推荐信的人供一些建议。由此可见，达特的 研究是为了提高写推荐信的人对性别偏见的认识，故答案为 A。
