Words and Expressions
1. demonstrate vt.
1) show; make clear
e.g. These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.
Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother's voice very soon after birth.
2) make a public expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching or
having a meeting
e.g. Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals.
成千上万的人一起游行示威反对新提议。
Derivations:
demonstration: n.
demonstrative: adj.
Synonyms:
show, exhibit, display
Translation:
Galileo demonstrated that objects of different weights fall at the same speed.
伽利略证明，不同重量的物体下落时速度相同。
Please demonstrate how the machine works.
请示范机器的使用方法。
2. integrity: n.
1) the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change
e.g. No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.
You can trust him; he is a man of complete integrity.
你可以相信他，他是一个刚正不阿的人。
2) the quality of being whole and complete
e.g. Our integrity as a nation is threatened by these separatist forces.
我们国家的完整受到了这些分裂主义势力的威胁。
Synonyms:
honesty, unity, wholeness
Collocations:
in one's integrity 完整，原封未动
3. morality: n.
a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behavior and character, or the quality of
being right, honest or acceptable
e.g. They are discussing the morality of cloning.
他们正在讨论克隆的道德性。
His ways of making money are certainly successful, but I doubt their morality.
Synonym:
ethics
Antonym:
immorality
Derivation:
moral adj.
Comparison: morality, ethics
morality: the rightness or pureness of behavior
ethics: It refers to the study of what is morally right,what is not and the questions concerned.
e.g. I am unconcerned with questions of religion or morality.
我对宗教问题或者道德问题不感兴趣。
Whether a country should have nuclear weapons or not should be a question of ethics, not of politics.
一个国家是否该拥有核武器应该是个道德问题，而非政治问题。
Ethics is a branch of philosophy.
伦理学是哲学的分科。
4. expediency: n. when something is helpful or useful in a particular situation, but sometimes not
morally acceptable
e.g. His behaviour seems to be governed solely by expediency.
All his actions are governed by expediency.
他所有的行动都是一种权宜之计。
Synonym:
expedience
Derivation:
expedient adj.
5. at hand: near in time or place
e.g. He always kept the picture of his girlfriend's close at hand.
他总是把女朋友的相片放在身边。
Your big moment is at hand.
你的重大时刻即将到来。
6. scarce: adj. not easy to find or get
e.g. Food was scarce throughout the war.
在战争期间食物匮乏。
Hotel accommodation was scarce during the Olympic Games.
奥运会期间，旅馆房间很难找。
Food and clean water were becoming scarce.
Synonym:
deficient
Derivation:
scarcity n.
7. the bottom line: the most important fact in a situation
e.g. The bottom line is that we need another ten thousand dollars to complete the project.
If you don't make a profit,you go out of business: that's the bottom line.
不盈利，就停业：根本问题就在这里。
Activity: Sentence Making
Direction：You are supposed to make sentences by using the following words or phrases as many as possible.
the bottom line scarce expediency morality at hand scarce
Sentences:
1.My grandparents believed you were either honest or you weren’t. There was no in-between. (Paragraph 1)
Translation: 我的祖父母坚信人要么是诚实的要么是不诚实的，不存在中间的品质。
2.They had a simple motto hanging on their living-room wall,“Life is like a field of newly fallen snow; where I choose to walk every step will show.” (Paragraph 1)
Translation: 他们起居室的墙上挂着一条简短的箴言。箴言写道：“生活就像一块刚刚下过雪的土地；我选择从哪里走过，哪里就会留下清晰的足迹。”
3. They understood instinctively that integrity means having a personal standard of morality and ethics that does not sell out to expediency and that is not relative to the situation at hand. (Paragraph 2)
Explanation: Integrity means that one should have a personal standard for judging what is morally right and wrong. He does what he thinks he should do, not what he thinks will help him and his judgment is not affected by any external circumstances.
Translation: 出于直觉，他们领悟到“正直”意味着拥有自己的道德和伦理标准，不会出于权宜而牺牲这一标准，也不会将它与眼下的形式联系起来。
But it is the real bottom line in every area of society. (Paragraph 2)
Paraphrase: But it is the most important consideration in every social activity and, therefore, you must accept it, even though you may not like it.
Translation: 但是，这是社会任何领域中真实的底线。
Paragraphs 3-8
Questions:
1) What is the first principle of the Integrity Triad? (Paragraph 4)
The first principle of the Integrity Triad is,“Stand firmly for your convictions in the face of personal pressure.”
2) What was the surgical nurse responsible for? (Paragraph 4)
She was responsible for ensuring that all instruments and materials were accounted for during an abdominal operation and also the patient.
What quality did the nurse display when facing the surgeon's insistence? (Paragraphs 4-8)
She knew she was right and didn't back down. At last, the fact proved her claim.
Words and Expressions
8. consist of: be made of or formed from something
e.g. A week consists of seven days.
Most people are familiar with the idea that all matter consist of atoms.大多数人熟悉一切物质都由原子组成这一概念。
The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.
It's a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.
Collocation:
consist in: have something as a main and necessary part or quality
e.g. Happiness consists in trying to do one's duty,not in amassing wealth.
快乐的源泉在于尽义务，而不在于积聚财富。
The value of this teaching method consists in the interest it stimulates in the students.
这种教学法的优点是在于能引起学生的兴趣。
Synonym:
be compose of
e.g. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
9. principle: n.
1) a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works
e.g. The system works on the principle that heat rises.
该项装置是按照热力上升的原理运转的。
The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.
2) moral rule or standard of good behavior
e.g. We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly.
我们必须坚持平等待人这一原则。
She doesn't have any principles.
He was a man of principle.
Anyway, I can't deceive him — it's against all my principles.
I never gamble, as a matter of principle (= because I believe it is wrong).
Collocation:
in principle: If you agree with or believe something in principle, you agree with the idea.
e.g. They have agreed to the proposal in principle but we still have to negotiate the terms.
他们基本上同意了那项提议，但我们仍须商定具体条款。
In principle I agree with the idea, but in practice it's not always possible.
They have approved the changes in principle.
Synonyms:
rule, law
10. conviction: n.
1) a very firm belief
e.g. I have the conviction that he is right.
我深信他是对的。
I speak in the full conviction that I will win.
我深信我会赢。
2) when someone is officially found to be guilty of a particular crime
e.g. They have no previous convictions.
他们没有前科。
Derivations:
convince vt.
convincing adj.
11. be responsible for: have control and authority over something or someone and the duty of taking;care of it or them
e.g. Who's responsible for the terrible mess?
谁应该对这种混乱负责？
The teacher is highly responsible for her work.
12. ensure vt. make something certain to happen
e.g. We must ensure the purity of drinking water.
我们必须确保饮用水的纯净。
If you want to ensure that you catch the plane, take a taxi.
如果你要想确保能赶上那班飞机，就坐出租车去吧。
The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft.
The role of the police is to ensure (that) the law is obeyed.
Synonyms:
guarantee, assure, secure
13. account for: give reasons for or be the reason or explanation for
e.g. He'll have to account for where every cent goes.
他得说明每一分钱是怎么花掉的。
He has been asked to account for his conduct.
他被要求解释他的行为。
He could not account for his absence from school.
他无法说明他旷课的原因。
14. object
1) n. a thing that you can see or touch but that is not usually a living animal, plant or person
e.g. Various objects were on the table.
桌子上摆着各种各样的东西。
2) vi. feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone
e.g. Would anyone object if we started the meeting now?
He objects to the label "magician" which he is often given.
No one objected when the boss said it was time to go home.
Synonyms:
oppose, disagree, resist, protest
Antonym:
agree
15. back down: admit that you were wrong or that you have been defeated
e.g. After being shown conclusive evidence, the other side had to back down.
在出示确凿的证据之后，对方不得不作出让步。
After several hours’ negotiations, they finally backed down on their unreasonable demands.
经过几个小时的谈判后，他们终于放弃了不合理的要求。
Activity: Making a Story
Direction: Make a story by group discussion. Use as many of the words and expression in
Paragraphs 3-8 as possible. The representative from each group should tell the story in front of
the class and will be judged by other groups.
Sentences:
1.A good test for this value is to look at what I call the Integrity Triad. (Paragraph 3)
Explanation: In this sentence, the clause what I call Integrity Triad is called a “nominal relative clause,” and the pronoun what is used like a noun and a relative pronoun together, equivalent in meaning to the thing which. Nominal relative clauses can be introduced by what, whatever, whoever, whichever, where, wherever, when, and whenever. They can follow prepositions, and the prepositions cannot be left out.
I’ll vote for whoever promises to reduce taxes.
I often think about when I was young.
In my dream, I had very vivid picture of where we used to live.
Translation: 对于这一价值很好检验，就是看一看我所说的“诚信三原则”。
You’ll do just fine. (Paragraph 7)
Explanation: The word "fine" is used as an adverb, meaning well, in some conversational expressions.
That suits me fine.
That machine works fine if you oil it.
Paragraphs 9-11
Questions
1) Why did David Ogilvy send each of his newly appointed office heads a Russian nesting doll? (Paragraph 11)
Because he wanted to convey his message: “If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are, Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants.” This vividly illustrates the second key principle: Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs.
2) Why did the advertising firm founded by David Ogilvy become one of the largest and most respected advertising organizations in the world? (Paragraph 11)
Because they acted upon the key principle: Always give others credit that is rightfully theirs. They hired those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter and more competent than they themselves. They respected individuals with talent and gave full play to their abilities.
Words and Expressions
16. credit: n.
1) approval or praise that you give to someone for something they have done
e.g. Sam never once accepted all the credit for himself.
Collocation:
give (sb.) credit (for sth.)
e.g. You could at least give him some credit for all the effort he’s put in.
2) a system of buying goods or services and paying for them later
e.g. If you can’t afford to pay cash, buy the furniture on credit.
Comparison: credit, credibility
credibility: n. the quality of deserving to be believed and trusted
e.g. The latest scandal has damaged his credibility as a leader.
Derivations:
credit v.
creditable adj. deserving praise or approval
17. rightfully: adv. in accordance with what is legally and morally correct
e.g. The lands are rightfully yours; she always intended you to have it.
Derivations:
rightful adj.
rightfulness n.
Comparison: rightful, right
rightful adj. according to what is legally and morally correct
right adj. based on true facts, correct
Practice:
1) Every effort was made to return the purse to its _______ owner. (rightful)
2) This diagram is not _______! (right)
18. appoint: v.
1) choose someone for a position or a job
e.g. They appointed a new teacher at the school.
2) arrange or decide a time or place for something to happen
e.g. The committee appointed a day in July for celebration.
Comparison:
hire v. employ someone
appoint v. (more formal)
Derivations:
appointee n. someone who is chosen for a position or a job
appointment n.
Translation:
他被任命为秘书。
He was appointed secretary.We must appoint a day to meet again.我们要约好下次会面的日期。
19. progressively: adv. step by step; by stages; moving ahead or developing continuously
e.g. The economy in that country was progressively getting better.
Comparison: progressively, gradually
gradually adv. in a way that happens or develops slowly over a long period of time
e.g. The rock gradually wears away due to the action of the water.
Derivations:
progressive adj.
progressiveness n.
Activity: Making sentences
Directions: ,Make sentences by using the following words.
rightful right progressively gradually appoint
Sentences:
7.David Ogilvy, founder of the advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather, made this point clear to his newly appointed office heads by sending each a Russian nesting doll with five progressively smaller figures inside. (Paragraph 10)
Explanation: Russian nesting doll is a set of dolls that are similar in design but different in size and have been made for each to fit inside another that is one size larger.
Translation: 广告业巨头奥格威&马瑟公司的创始人大卫•奥格威很明确地把这一观点传达给那些刚刚走马上任的管理干部，他送给他们每个人一组内含5个尺寸递减的俄罗斯套娃，以警示他们切勿妒才忌能。
8.His message was contained in the smallest doll,“If each of us hires people who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company of dwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are, Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants.” (Paragraph 11)
Translation: 他要传递的信息包含在最小的那枚套娃里：“如果我们每个人雇用的都是比我们自身弱小的人，那么我们会成为一群矮子。相反，如果我们雇用的都是比我们自身强大的人，那么奥格威&马瑟公司会成为一个巨人的团体。”
Paragraphs 12-14
Questions
1) What does the writer say about people who lack genuine core values? (Paragraph 12)
They not only rely on but also try best to keep external factors, such as looks and statues, instead of developing their inner value and personal growth.
2) Regarding the third principle, what advice does the writer offer? (Paragraph 13-14)
He offers the following advice that be oneself and one should face the reality and challenges bravely. These are the basis to improve the relationship with others.
Words and Expressions
20. core: n. the most important or central part of something
e.g. The club was beginning to develop a core of young people who were very active in the community.
Collocations:
core values/beliefs/concerns: the values, etc. that are most important to someone
Comparison: core, centre
core: the most important or central part of something
centre: n. a place where most of the important things happen that are connected with a
particular business or activity
e.g. It’s not exactly a cultural center like Paris.
21. external: adj. connected with the outside of a surface or body
e.g. The external walls were in need of repair.
Antonym:
internal
Derivations:
externals: n. the outer appearance of a situation
externalize: v. express inner feelings
externalization: n.
22. inevitably: adv. as was certain to happen and could not be prevented
e.g. He was, inevitably, upset by her departure, but soon he got over it.
Synonym:
unavoidably
Derivations:
inevitable: adj.
inevitability: n.
23. preserve: v. make something continue without changing or being harmed
e.g. I think these traditional customs should be preserved.
Synonyms:
keep, maintain, retain
Derivation:
preservable: adj.
Translation:
We must preserve our natural resources. 我们必须保护自然资源。
24. tough: adj.
1) difficult to do or deal with and needing a lot of effort and determination
e.g. Life as a single mother can be tough and depressing.
2) strong, able to live through difficult or severe conditions
e.g. Only tough breeds of sheep can live in the mountains.
Synonym:
rough: adj. having a lot of problems, difficulties; uncomfortable, with difficult conditions
Derivation:
toughness: n.
25. conscience: n. an inner sense that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong
e.g. Be guided by your conscience.
Collocation:
have a guilty/bad conscience (about sth.): feel guilty because you have done something wrong
e.g. I have a guilty conscience about not telling her the truth.
have no conscience (about sth.): not feel guilty about something
e.g. They have no conscience at all about cheating.
Comparison: conscience, conscious
conscious: adj. noticing or realizing something; aware
Practice:
1) I was very _________ of the fact that I had to make a good impression. (conscious)
2) After he had committed the crime, his _________ was troubled. (conscience)
Sentence:
9. People who lack genuine core values rely on external factors. (Paragraph 12)
Explanation: People who do not have real and fundamental moral principle rely on their looks or status.
Lack:
Compare "lack" and "be short of": Both can mean "not to have enough of something". But "lack" (or commonly "be lacking in") is used especially with abstract nouns.
The teacher said that the child lacked / was lacking / in confidence.
She seems to lack / be lacking in the will to succeed.
"Be short of: It is more common than "lack" when talking about objects and materials.
I’m short of money this week; can you lend me some?
They were short of water because of the serious drought.
Paragraph 15
Questions
1) What does “that” in the last sentence refer to? (Paragraph 15)
A life of principle, of not succumbing to the seductive sirens of an easy morality, will always win the day and will lead the people into the future without looking back.
2) How do you define integrity?
(Open) Integrity means honesty combined with firmness and strength of character or principle. A person of integrity stands firmly by his convictions and principles in the face of pressure and be self-respect. He respects others and always gives credit to those who deserve it.
Words and Expressions
26. succumb: v. (fml) stop opposing someone or something that is stronger than you, and allow them to take control
e.g. They held out for some hours in the face of our persuasive offers, but eventually they succumbed.
Collocation:
succumb to (temptation...)
e.g. Gina finally succumbed to temptation and had some ice cream.
Comparison: succumb, surrender
surrender: v. stop fighting and give your soldiers or land to an enemy; allow yourself to be controlled or influenced by something
27. seductive: adj. interesting or attractive, in a way that persuades one to do something one would not usually do
e.g. She had a low, seductive voice.
Derivations:
seductiveness: n.
seduce: v.
seduction: n.
Comparison:
seduce: v. make someone want to do something by making it seem very attractive
induce: v. make someone decide to do something, esp. something that seems unwise
Practice:
1) Jim was _________ into leaving the company by the offer of higher pay. (seduced)
2) What could have ________ you to do such a ridiculous thing? (induced)
28. siren: n. a piece of equipment that makes very loud warning sounds, used on police cares, fire engines, etc
e.g. Police sirens are wailing in the distance.
Collocations:
siren voices/call/song: literary encouragement to do something that sounds very attractive, but will have bad results
the Sirens: a group of women in ancient Greek stories whose beautiful singing made sailors sail towards them into dangerous water
