Zhōngguó táocí

中国陶瓷   Chinese ceramics

Zhōngguó táocí 

táocí shì táoqì hé cíqì de hé chēng, qízhōng cíqì shì zhōngguó gǔdài láodòng rénmín de zhòngyào fāmíng. Zài táng sòng yǐlái de yīqiān duō niánjiān, zhǔyào tōngguò “hǎishàng táocí zhī lù”(yòu chēng zuò “hǎishàng sīchóu zhī lù”), zhōngguó táocí yuányuán bùduàn de yùnsòng dào xīfāng. Xīfāng rén bǎ táocí dàng zuò zhēnbǎo, chēng zhōngguó shì “táocí zhī guó”.“Zhōngguó” yī cí de yīngwén “China”, yěyǒu “cíqì” de yìsi. Táocí de shāo zhì lìchéng shì: Xiān yǒu táoqì, hòu yǒu cíqì.

中国陶瓷

陶瓷是陶器和瓷器的合称,其中瓷器是中国古代劳动人民的重要发明。在唐宋以来的一千多年间,主要通过“海上陶瓷之路”(又称作“海上丝绸之路”),中国陶瓷源源不断地运送到西方。西方人把陶瓷当作珍宝,称中国是“陶瓷之国”。“中国”一词的英文“ China”,也有“瓷器”的意思。陶瓷的烧制历程是:先有陶器,后有瓷器。

Chinese ceramics

Ceramics is a combination of pottery and porcelain, among which porcelain is an important invention of the working people in ancient China. In the more than 1000 years since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Chinese ceramics were continuously transported to the west mainly through the "maritime ceramic road" (also known as the "maritime Silk Road"). Westerners regard ceramics as treasures and call China "the country of ceramics"“ The English word "China" also means "porcelain". The firing process of ceramics is: first pottery, then porcelain.

Táoqì 

táoqì shì yòng nítǔ zuò chéng gè zhǒng xíngzhuàng hòu, yòng huǒshāo chūlái de, shì ní yǔ huǒ de jiéjīng. Táoqì de chūxiàn shì rénlèi dì yī cì lìyòng tiānrán wùzhí, ànzhào zìjǐ de yìyuàn chuàngzào chūlái de zhǎnxīn de dōngxī, shì rénlèi wénmíng jìnchéng de lǐchéngbēi. Shìjiè shàng de wénmíng gǔguó dū céng shāo zhì chūle táoqì. 

Táoqì shì xīn shíqì shídài de biāozhì zhī yī. Zài zhōngguó shù qiān gè xīn shíqì shídài yízhǐ zhōng dōu fāxiànle táoqì, zuìzǎo de yǒu yī wàn duō nián de lìshǐ, zhèxiē táoqì zhǔyào shi gǔdài xiān mín de rìcháng shēnghuó yòngjù. Zài 6000 nián qián de yǎngsháo wénhuà shíqí, shēnghuó zài huánghé liúyù de xiān mínmen shāo chūle hóngsè de táoqì, hěnduō táo pén, táo guàn, táo píng shàng dū huàzhe hēi, bái, hóng de cǎisè wénshì hé túhuà, shífēn jīngměi, zhè jiùshì zhùmíng de “cǎitáo”. Kǎogǔ gōngzuò zhě bǎ yǎng bù wénhuà chēng zuò “cǎitáo wénhuà”.

陶器

陶器是用泥土做成各种形状后,用火烧出来的,是泥与火的结晶。陶器的出现是人类第一次利用天然物质,按照自己的意愿创造出来的崭新的东西,是人类文明进程的里程碑。世界上的文明古国都曾烧制出了陶器。

陶器是新石器时代的标志之一。在中国数千个新石器时代遗址中都发现了陶器,最早的有一万多年的历史,这些陶器主要是古代先民的日常生活用具。在6000年前的仰韶文化时期,生活在黄河流域的先民们烧出了红色的陶器,很多陶盆、陶罐、陶瓶上都画着黑、白、红的彩色纹饰和图画,十分精美,这就是著名的“彩陶”。考古工作者把仰韶文化称作“彩陶文化”。

Pottery

Pottery is made of clay into various shapes, and it is burned out by fire, and is the crystallization of mud and fire. The emergence of pottery is the first time that mankind uses natural materials and creates new things according to his own wishes, and is a milestone in the process of human civilization. Ancient civilizations in the world have made pottery.

Pottery is one of the signs of the Neolithic age. Pottery has been found in thousands of Neolithic sites in China. The earliest pottery has a history of more than 10000 years. These pottery wares are mainly used for daily life of ancient ancestors. In Yangshao culture period 6000 years ago, the ancestors living in the Yellow River Basin burned red pottery. Many pottery pots, pots and bottles were painted with black, white and red color ornaments and pictures. They were very exquisite. This is the famous "colored pottery". Archaeologists call the culture of Yangbu "colorful pottery culture".

       4000 Duōnián qián de lóngshān wénhuà shíqí, rénmen yòu shāo chūle hēisè de táoqì, zhè jiùshì “hēitáo”. Hēitáoqì bì hěn báo, zàoxíng hěn měi. Rénmen chēng lóngshān wénhuà wéi “hēi táo wénhuà”. Zài gǔdài, táoqì chángcháng zuòwéi péizàng pǐn, qínshǐhuáng líng bīngmǎyǒng jiùshì yī zhǒng péizàng yòng de cǎihuì táo diāosù. Gǔdài táoqì zhōng yǒuyī zhǒng fēicháng zhùmíng de pǐnzhǒng, nà jiùshì “tángsāncǎi”. Tángsāncǎi shì táng dài shāo zhì chū de zhǒng yòusè yànlì de táoqì, yǐ huáng, lǜ, bái huò huáng, lǜ, lán sān zhǒng sècǎi wéi zhǔ, fēicháng piàoliang. Zài xī'ān hé luòyáng de táng dài gǔ mù zhòng chūtǔle dàliàng de tángsāncǎi, shuōmíng zhè zhǒng táoqì shì zuò péizàng yòng de. Tángsāncǎi zhōng, mǎ de xíngxiàng zuìduō, yě zuì yǒu tèsè. 

Sòngdài, chūxiànle yī zhǒng zǐshā táoqì, rénmen zuì xǐhuān de shì zǐshā hú. Zǐshā hú shì chájù, yòng tā pào chá bù pǎo wèi, bù tàngshǒu, shǐyòng de niándài yuèjiǔ, pào chū de chá yuè hǎo hē, yīncǐ, bèi chēng wèi chájù zhōng de “shén pǐn”. Jiāngsū yíxìng shāo zhì de zǐshā hú zuì yǒumíng, yíxìng bèi chēng zuò zhōngguó de “táo dū”. Táoqì shì yòng 900 dù yǐxià de dīwēn shāo zhì de, dāng rénmen huòdéle gāowēn, cíqì de chūxiàn jiùshì bìrán de shìle.

4000多年前的龙山文化时期,人们又烧出了黑色的陶器,这就是“黑陶”。黑陶器壁很薄,造型很美。人们称龙山文化为“黑陶文化”。在古代,陶器常常作为陪葬品,秦始皇陵兵马俑就是一种陪葬用的彩绘陶雕塑。古代陶器中有一种非常著名的品种,那就是“唐三彩”。唐三彩是唐代烧制出的种釉色艳丽的陶器,以黄、绿、白或黄、绿、蓝三种色彩为主,非常漂亮。在西安和洛阳的唐代古墓中出土了大量的唐三彩,说明这种陶器是做陪葬用的。唐三彩中,马的形象最多,也最有特色。

宋代,出现了一种紫砂陶器,人们最喜欢的是紫砂壶。紫砂壶是茶具,用它泡茶不跑味,不烫手,使用的年代越久,泡出的茶越好喝,因此,被称为茶具中的“神品”。江苏宜兴烧制的紫砂壶最有名,宜兴被称作中国的“陶都”。陶器是用900度以下的低温烧制的,当人们获得了高温,瓷器的出现就是必然的事了。

More than 4000 years ago, during the Longshan culture period, people burned black pottery, which is called "black pottery". The wall of black pottery is very thin and the shape is very beautiful. People call Longshan culture "black pottery culture". In ancient times, pottery was often used as funerary objects. The terracotta warriors and horses in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was a kind of painted pottery sculpture used for funerary objects. There is a very famous variety of ancient pottery, that is "Tang Sancai". Tang Sancai is a kind of pottery made in Tang Dynasty. It is mainly yellow, green, white or yellow, green and blue. It is very beautiful. A large number of Tang Tri Color Pottery were unearthed from Tang Dynasty Tombs in Xi'an and Luoyang, indicating that this kind of pottery was used for burial. In the three colors of Tang Dynasty, the image of horse is the most and the most distinctive.

In Song Dynasty, a kind of purple clay pottery appeared, and people's favorite is the purple clay pot. Purple clay pot is a tea set. It can make tea without losing its flavor and hot hands. The longer it is used, the better the tea will be. Therefore, it is known as the "divine product" in tea set. Yixing, Jiangsu Province, is famous for its purple clay pots. Yixing is known as China's "ceramic capital". Pottery is fired at a low temperature below 900 degrees. When people get a high temperature, the appearance of porcelain is inevitable.

Cíqì 

cíqì shì zhōngguó gǔdài de yī xiàng zhòngyào de fǎ míng. Cíqì shì yòng cítǔ zuò pī tǐ, pī tǐ shàng shuā yòu, yòng 1200℃yǐshàng de gāowēn shāo zhì ér chéng. Cíqì bǐ táoqì jiānyìng, yòusè guāngliàng hǎokàn, bù xīshuǐ huò hěn shǎo xīshuǐ, qiāodǎ yǒu qīngcuì de jīnshǔ shēng. Zhèxiē kěyǐ kàn zuò cíqì de jīběn tèdiǎn.300 Nián qián de shāng dài shāo chūle hěn xiàng cíqì de dōngxī, kěyǐ jiào zuò “yuánshǐ qīngcí”. Jīngguò 1500 duōnián de fǎ zhǎn, dàole dōnghàn shíqí, zhēnzhèng de qīngcí zhōngyú shāo zhì chūlái yī cíqì dànshēngle. Zhīhòu, bái cí, cǎi cí yòu xiāngjì shāo chéng. Qīngcí, bái cí, cǎi cí shì zhōngguó cíqì de zhǔyào pǐnzhǒng.

瓷器

瓷器是中国古代的一项重要的发明。瓷器是用瓷土做坯体,坯体上刷釉,用1200℃以上的高温烧制而成。瓷器比陶器坚硬,釉色光亮好看,不吸水或很少吸水,敲打有清脆的金属声。这些可以看作瓷器的基本特点。3000年前的商代烧出了很像瓷器的东西,可以叫作“原始青瓷”。经过1500多年的发展,到了东汉时期,真正的青瓷终于烧制出来一瓷器诞生了。之后,白瓷、彩瓷又相继烧成。青瓷、白瓷、彩瓷是中国瓷器的主要品种。

Porcelain

Porcelain is an important invention in ancient China. Porcelain is made of porcelain clay, which is glazed and fired at a high temperature above 1200 ℃. Porcelain is harder than pottery. Its glaze is bright and beautiful. It doesn't absorb water or seldom. There is a crisp metal sound when it is knocked. These can be regarded as the basic characteristics of porcelain. In the Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago, something similar to porcelain was produced, which can be called "primitive celadon". After more than 1500 years of development, to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the real celadon finally fired out, a porcelain was born. Later, white porcelain and colored porcelain were fired one after another. Celadon, white porcelain and colored porcelain are the main varieties of Chinese porcelain.

(Yī) qīngcí 

qīngcí biǎomiàn yǒuyī céng dànyǎ de yòu, yánsè shì qīng lǜsè huò huáng lǜsè, hěn xiàng qīngsè dì měiyù. Táng dài, nánfāng de yuè yáo shāo zhì de qīngcí zuì hǎo, yuè yáo shì zǎoqí qīngcí de zhìzào zhōngxīn. Yuè yáo hái zhuānmén gěi huángdì shāo zhì cíqì, zhè zhǒng cíqì mínjiān kàn bù dào, bèi chēng wèi “mì sè cí”. Dàole sòngdài, nánfāng de lóngquán yáo shāo zhì chū zhìliàng hěn gāo de qīngcí. Lóngquán cíqì yòusè dànyǎ róuhé, cuìlǜ rú yù, chǎnpǐn dàliàng yùnwǎng guówài, fēicháng yǒu míngqì. Lóngquán yáo shì hòuqí qīngcí de zhìzào zhōngxīn. Sòngdài zuì zhùmíng de shì rǔ yáo, guān yáo, gōu yáo, gē yáo hé dìng yáo, bèi yù wèi “sòngdài wǔdà míng yáo”, wǔdà míng yáo de cíqì gè yǒu tèsè, měixué jiàzhí jí gāo. Wǔdà míng yáo de qīngcí shàng wǎngwǎng bù mǎn lièwén, zhè jiùshì “kāi piàn”, kāi piàn zìrán tiānchéng, píngdàn měiguān, qízhōng gē yáo de kāi piàn zuìměi, yě zuì yǒu tèdiǎn, hěn shòu rénmen xǐ'ài.

（一）青瓷

青瓷表面有一层淡雅的釉,颜色是青绿色或黄绿色,很像青色的美玉。唐代,南方的越窑烧制的青瓷最好,越窑是早期青瓷的制造中心。越窑还专门给皇帝烧制瓷器,这种瓷器民间看不到,被称为“秘色瓷”。到了宋代,南方的龙泉窑烧制出质量很高的青瓷。龙泉瓷器釉色淡雅柔和,翠绿如玉,产品大量运往国外,非常有名气。龙泉窑是后期青瓷的制造中心。宋代最著名的是汝窑、官窑、钩窑、哥窑和定窑,被誉为“宋代五大名窑”,五大名窑的瓷器各有特色,美学价值极高。五大名窑的青瓷上往往布满裂纹,这就是“开片”,开片自然天成、平淡美观,其中哥窑的开片最美,也最有特点,很受人们喜爱。

（1） Celadon

Celadon surface has a layer of elegant glaze, the color is Turquoise or yellow green, much like the blue jade. In the Tang Dynasty, Yue Kiln in the South produced the best celadon, and Yue Kiln was the manufacturing center of early celadon. Yue kilns also specialized in firing porcelain for the emperor, which was not seen among the people and was known as "secret color porcelain". In the Song Dynasty, the Longquan kiln in the South produced high-quality celadon. Longquan porcelain glaze is elegant and soft, green as jade, a large number of products shipped abroad, very famous. Longquan kiln is the manufacturing center of late celadon. The most famous kilns in Song Dynasty are ru kiln, Guan kiln, Gou kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. They are known as "the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty". The porcelains of the five famous kilns have their own characteristics and high aesthetic value. The Celadon of the five famous kilns is often full of cracks, which is called "kaipian". Kaipian is natural, plain and beautiful. Among them, the kaipian of Ge kiln is the most beautiful and characteristic, which is very popular.

(Èr) bái cí 

zhèngdàng nánfāng shāo zhì qīngcí de shíhòu, běifāng shāo chūle bái cí. Bái cí de cí tāi hé yòusè dōu shì báisè de, shāo zhì nándù dà, suǒyǐ bái cí bǐ qīngcí chūxiàn dé yào wǎn yīxiē, zài nánběicháo shíqí cái chūxiàn. Bái cí shāo zhì chénggōng shì zhōngguó zhì cí shǐshàng de yī jiàn dàshì, yīnwèi yǒule bái cí, jiù kěyǐ zài cíqì shàng miáohuì cǎisè wénshì hé túhuàle, zhè jiù wèi hòulái cǎi cí de chūxiàn zuò hǎole zhǔnbèi. Táng dài, běifāng nà yáo de bái cí bái dé xiàng xuě yīyàng, shuōmíng táng dài de bái cí yǐjīng shífēn chéngshú: Dàole sòngdài, běifāng yòu chūxiànle yīgè shāo zhì yōuliáng bái cí de dìng yáo.

（二）白瓷

正当南方烧制青瓷的时候,北方烧出了白瓷。白瓷的瓷胎和釉色都是白色的,烧制难度大,所以白瓷比青瓷出现得要晚一些,在南北朝时期才出现。白瓷烧制成功是中国制瓷史上的一件大事,因为有了白瓷,就可以在瓷器上描绘彩色纹饰和图画了,这就为后来彩瓷的出现做好了准备。唐代,北方那窑的白瓷白得像雪一样,说明唐代的白瓷已经十分成熟:到了宋代,北方又出现了一个烧制优良白瓷的定窑。

（2） White porcelain

While the South was firing celadon, the North was firing white porcelain. The body and glaze color of white porcelain are white, so it is difficult to make white porcelain. Therefore, white porcelain appeared later than celadon, only in the northern and Southern Dynasties. The successful firing of white porcelain is a great event in the history of Chinese porcelain making. With white porcelain, color patterns and pictures can be painted on porcelain, which is ready for the appearance of color porcelain. In the Tang Dynasty, the white porcelain of that kiln in the North was as white as snow, indicating that the white porcelain of the Tang Dynasty was very mature: in the Song Dynasty, a Ding kiln for firing excellent white porcelain appeared in the north.

(Sān) cǎi cí 

yībān lái shuō, yuán dài yǐqián, zhōngguó cíqì yǐ qīngcí, bái cí děng sù cí wéi zhǔ, cóng yuán dài qǐ, cǎi cí duō qǐláile, bìng chéngwéi yuán míng qīng sāndài cíqì shēngchǎn de zhǔliú. Cǎi cí shì yòng yánsè zhuāngshì de cíqì, cǎi cí shàng yǒu jīngxì de cǎisè wénshì, yǒu de hái huàzhe wánzhěng de túhuà. Cǎi cí zhōng zuì yǒu dàibiǎo xìng de shì yuán dài de qīnghuācí. Qīnghuācí bái dǐ lán huā, sècǎi dànyǎ qīngxīn, nà lán sè de túhuà hěn xiàng zhōngguó chuántǒng de shuǐmòhuà. Qīnghuācí yī chūxiàn, jiù shòudào rénmen de xǐ'ài, tā chuán dào xīfāng shí, yǐnqǐ xīfāng rén de zàntàn. Kěyǐ shuō, qīnghuācí shì mínzú tèsè zuì nóng de cíqìle. Shāo zhì qīnghuācí shí, xiān zài pī tǐ shàng yòng yǎnghuà gǔ yánliào miáohuì wénshì, ránhòu shuā shàng yī céng tòumíng yòu, yòng gāowēn yīcì shāo chéng. Xiǎnrán, nà lán sè wénshì shì zài yòu de xiàmiàn, suǒyǐ qīnghuācí shǔyú “yòu xià cǎi” pǐnzhǒng.

（三）彩瓷

一般来说,元代以前,中国瓷器以青瓷、白瓷等素瓷为主,从元代起,彩瓷多起来了,并成为元明清三代瓷器生产的主流。彩瓷是用颜色装饰的瓷器,彩瓷上有精细的彩色纹饰,有的还画着完整的图画。彩瓷中最有代表性的是元代的青花瓷。青花瓷白底蓝花,色彩淡雅清新,那蓝色的图画很像中国传统的水墨画。青花瓷一出现,就受到人们的喜爱,它传到西方时,引起西方人的赞叹。可以说,青花瓷是民族特色最浓的瓷器了。烧制青花瓷时,先在坯体上用氧化钴颜料描绘纹饰,然后刷上一层透明釉,用高温一次烧成。显然,那蓝色纹饰是在釉的下面,所以青花瓷属于“釉下彩”品种。

（3） Colored porcelain

Generally speaking, before the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese porcelain mainly consisted of celadon, white porcelain and other plain porcelain. Since the Yuan Dynasty, there have been more colored porcelain, which has become the mainstream of porcelain production in the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Color porcelain is a kind of porcelain decorated with colors. There are fine color patterns on the color porcelain, and some even draw complete pictures. The blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty is the most representative of the colored porcelain. Blue and white porcelain with white background and blue flowers is elegant and fresh in color. The blue picture is very similar to traditional Chinese ink painting. As soon as blue and white porcelain appeared, it was loved by people. When it was spread to the west, it attracted the admiration of Westerners. It can be said that blue and white porcelain is the porcelain with the strongest national characteristics. When firing blue and white porcelain, first use Cobalt oxide pigment to depict the decoration on the green body, then brush a layer of transparent glaze, and burn it at a high temperature. Obviously, the blue decoration is under the glaze, so blue and white porcelain belongs to the "underglaze color" variety.

Nà shíhòu hái yǒuyī zhǒng yòng yǎnghuà tóng lǐng liào miáohuì wénshì de “yòu xià cǎi” pǐnzhǒng yīyī bái dǐ hóng huā de yòu lǐ hóng, yòu lǐ hóngshāo zhì nándù jí dà. Dāng bǎ liǎng zhǒng xià cǎi jīng zhǒng jiéhé shāo chéng “qīnghuā li hóng” shí nándù jiù gèng dàle, qīnghuā li hóng shì zhōngguó fēicháng míng de cíqì. Zài yǐjīng shāo chéng de cíqì yòu miàn shàng yòng yánliào miáohuì wénshì, zài jìnxíng yīcì shāo zhì, zhè jiùshì “yòu shàng cǎi” pǐnzhǒngle, sècǎi yànlì de wǔcǎi cí, sècǎi róuhé de fěn cǎi cí, dōu shì zhùmíng de “yòu shàng cǎi” pǐnzhǒng. Cǐwài, hái yǒuyī zhǒng shuā shàng yīdào “yánsè yòu” shāo zhì de dān cǎi cíqì, yǒu hóng, huáng, lǜ, lán, hēi děng duō zhǒng yánsè. Míngdài jǐngdézhèn yáo shāo chéng de jì hóng, hóng dé xiàng hóngbǎoshí yīyàng, shāo zhì nándù jí dà, míngqì yě hěn dà, bèi chēng zuò “gāowēn yánsè yòu zhōng de míngzhū”. Gǔdài zhōngguó shāo zhì cíqì de zhùmíng cíyáo hěnduō, rú yuè yáo, xíng yáo, sòngdài wǔdà míng yáo, lóngquán yáo, jiāngxī jǐngdézhèn yáo, děng děng. Qízhōng, jǐngdézhèn wèi cíqì de shāo zhì zhōngxīn, rénmen chēng jǐng dé zhèn wéi zhōngguó de “cí dū”. Jīntiān, zhōngguó táocí zài gǔdài chuántǒng gōngyì de jīchǔ sān shàng, yòu yǒule xīn de fǎ zhǎn hé chuàngxīn, bùdàn chénggōng shāo chūle fǎnggǔ táocí, hái chuàngzàole hěnduō xīn pǐnzhǒng, yīxiē yìshù táocí shuǐpíng jí gāo, shòudào rénmen xǐ'ài.2009 Nián lóngquán qīngcí chuántǒng shāo zhì jìyì liè rén “shìjiè fēi wùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn mínglù”.

那时候还有一种用氧化铜领料描绘纹饰的“釉下彩”品种一一白底红花的釉里红,釉里红烧制难度极大。当把两种下彩晶种结合烧成“青花里红”时难度就更大了,青花里红是中国非常名的瓷器。在已经烧成的瓷器釉面上用颜料描绘纹饰,再进行一次烧制,这就是“釉上彩”品种了,色彩艳丽的五彩瓷、色彩柔和的粉彩瓷,都是著名的“釉上彩”品种。此外,还有一种刷上一道“颜色釉”烧制的单彩瓷器,有红、黄、绿、蓝、黑等多种颜色。明代景德镇窑烧成的祭红,红得像红宝石一样,烧制难度极大,名气也很大,被称作“高温颜色釉中的明珠”。古代中国烧制瓷器的著名瓷窑很多,如越窑、邢窑、宋代五大名窑、龙泉窑、江西景德镇窑,等等。其中,景徳镇为瓷器的烧制中心,人们称景德镇为中国的“瓷都”。今天,中国陶瓷在古代传统工艺的基础三上,又有了新的发展和创新,不但成功烧出了仿古陶瓷,还创造了很多新品种,一些艺术陶瓷水平极高,受到人们喜爱。2009年龙泉青瓷传统烧制技艺列人《世界非物质文化遗产名录》。

At that time, there was also a kind of "underglaze color" which used copper oxide to depict the decoration, that is, the underglaze red of Safflower on white background, which was very difficult to make. It is more difficult to combine the two kinds of lower color crystal seeds to make "blue and white Lihong", which is a very famous porcelain in China. Painting patterns on the glaze of porcelain that has been fired, and then firing again, this is the "glaze color" variety. Colorful five color porcelain and pastel powder color porcelain are all famous "glaze color" varieties. In addition, there is a kind of single color porcelain painted with a "color glaze", including red, yellow, green, blue, black and other colors. The sacrificial red burnt in Jingdezhen kiln in Ming Dynasty is as red as ruby. It is very difficult to burn and has a great reputation. It is called "the Pearl in high temperature color glaze". There are many famous kilns for firing porcelain in ancient China, such as Yue Kiln, Xing kiln, five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, Longquan kiln, Jingdezhen kiln in Jiangxi, etc. Among them, Jingdezhen is the firing center of porcelain, and people call it the "porcelain capital" of China. Today, on the basis of the ancient traditional technology, Chinese ceramics have made new development and innovation. They not only successfully fired archaize ceramics, but also created many new varieties. Some art ceramics are of high level and loved by people. In 2009, Longquan celadon traditional firing technique was listed in the world intangible cultural heritage list.