中国酒文化

Chinese wine culture

 zhōngguó jiǔ de zhǔliú shì liángshí jiǔ. Yǔ chá yīyàng, zuòwéi gǔlǎo de yǐnpǐn, jiǔ de lìshǐ jīhū yěshì yǔ zhōngguó wénhuà shǐ yīdào kāishǐ de. 

Jiǔ de lìchéng

 jiǔ shì yī zhǒng yòng zhíwù guǒshí huò liángshí jīngguò fāxiào chǎnshēng jiǔjīng ér zhì chéng de yǐnliào. Zìránjiè hěn zǎo jiù cúnzàizhe tiānrán guǒjiǔ, zhè shì yěshēng guǒshí chéngshú hòu, duījī zài yīqǐ, zìrán fāxiào xíngchéng de. Shòu tiānrán guǒjiǔ de qǐfā, yuǎngǔ shíqí rénmen yòng zìrán fāxiào fǎ zào chūle réngōng guǒjiǔ. Suízhe nóngyè de chūxiàn, tèbié shì dāng liángshí yǒule shèngyú, rénmen yòu yòng liángshí fāxiào, zào chūle jiǔjīng nóngdù bù gāo de liángshí jiǔ, zhè zhǒng jiǔ de wèidào shífēn qīngdàn. Zài yǎngsháo wénhuà yízhǐ, chūtǔle hěnduō zàojiǔ hé yǐnjiǔ de táoqì, shuōmíng jù jīn 6000 nián qiánhòu, zhōngguó rén yǐjīng néng niàngzào dī dù liángshí jiǔle.

中国酒的主流是粮食酒。与茶一样,作为古老的饮品,酒的历史几乎也是与中国文化史一道开始的。

酒的历程

酒是一种用植物果实或粮食经过发酵产生酒精而制成的饮料。自然界很早就存在着天然果酒,这是野生果实成熟后,堆积在一起,自然发酵形成的。受天然果酒的启发,远古时期人们用自然发酵法造出了人工果酒。

随着农业的出现,特别是当粮食有了剩余,人们又用粮食发酵,造出了酒精浓度不高的粮食酒,这种酒的味道十分清淡。在仰韶文化遗址,出土了很多造酒和饮酒的陶器,说明距今6000年前后,中国人已经能酿造低度粮食酒了。

The main stream of Chinese wine is grain wine. Like tea, as an ancient drink, the history of wine almost begins with the history of Chinese culture.

The course of wine

Wine is a kind of beverage made from the fermentation of plant fruit or grain to produce alcohol. Natural wine has existed in nature for a long time. This is formed by natural fermentation after the wild fruit is mature and piled together. Inspired by natural fruit wine, people made artificial fruit wine by natural fermentation in ancient times.

With the emergence of agriculture, especially when the grain has surplus, people ferment with grain, and produce the grain wine with low alcohol concentration. The taste of this wine is very light. In Yangshao cultural site, many pottery for making wine and drinking have been unearthed, which indicates that the Chinese people have been able to make low-grade grain wine about 6000 years ago.

Shāng dài, zàojiǔ yèyǐ shífēn fādá, niàng chūle duō zhǒng dī dù liángshí jiǔ, jiǎgǔwén zhōng zhòngduō de “jiǔ” lèi zì hé qīngtóng jiǔ qì, biǎomíngliǎo zhè zhǒng qíngkuàng. Zhēngliú qì de chūxiàn, shì zhōngguó jiǔ lìchéng zhōng zhòngyào de yī yè. Jiǔjīngguò jiārè zhēngliú, shuǐfèn jiǎnshǎole, jiǔjīng dù tígāole, zhè zhǒng jīngguò zhēngliú de gāodù liángshí jiǔ jiùshì zhùmíng de báijiǔ. Báijiǔ chūxiàn dé bǐjiào wǎn, shíjiān dàyuē zài sòngdài, zhìjīn zhǐyǒu 800 duōnián. Cóng zìrán fāxiào fǎ niàngzào de réngōng guǒjiǔ, dào dī dù liángshí jiǔ, zài dào jīngguò zhēngliú de gāodù liángshí jiǔ, zhè dàyuē jiùshì zhōngguó jiǔ de fǎ zhǎn lìchéng. Zhōngguó zhùmíng jiǔ lèi huángjiǔ, zhè shì yī zhǒng fēicháng gǔlǎo de jiǔ lèi, shǔyú liángshí fāxiào jiǔ. Huángjiǔ yòng nuòmǐ zuò yuánliào, jīngguò tánghuà, fāxiào, yāzhà ér chéng. Huángjiǔniàng hǎo hòu, yào cúnfàng hǎoduō nián cái yǐnyòng. Huángjiǔ yánsè huáng liàng, jiǔjīng nóngdù bǐjiào dī, yībān jǐn zài 15 dù zuǒyòu, kěshì yíngyǎng jiàzhí fēicháng gāo. Zuì yǒumíng de huángjiǔ shì shàoxīng de jiā fàn jiǔ, huādiāo jiǔ. Báijiǔ, zhè shì zhōngguó zuì yǒu dàibiǎo xìng de jiǔ lèi, shǔyú gāodù liángshí zhēngliú jiǔ. Báijiǔ yǐ diànfěn wèi yuánliào, fāxiào hòu zhēngliú ér chéng. Báijiǔ méiyǒu yánsè, jiǔ jīng nóngdù bǐjiào gāo, yībān zài 40 dù yǐshàng, kě shàoxīng huáng jiǔ: Huādiāo jiǔ yǐ diǎnhuǒ ránshāo, suǒyǐ yòu jiào “shāojiǔ”. Zhùmíng de báijiǔ yǒu guìzhōu máotái jiǔ, shānxī fénjiǔ, shǎnxī xīfèngjiǔ, sìchuān wǔliángyè, běijīng èrguōtóu děng. Cǐwài, shǔyú fāxiào jiǔ lèi de pútáojiǔ, píjiǔ děng yě dū yǒu zhùmíng pǐnzhǒng.

商代,造酒业已十分发达,酿出了多种低度粮食酒,甲骨文中众多的“酒”类字和青铜酒器,表明了这种情况。蒸馏器的出现,是中国酒历程中重要的一页。酒经过加热蒸馏,水分减少了,酒精度提高了,这种经过蒸馏的高度粮食酒就是著名的白酒。白酒出现得比较晚,时间大约在宋代,至今只有800多年。从自然发酵法酿造的人工果酒,到低度粮食酒,再到经过蒸馏的高度粮食酒,这大约就是中国酒的发展历程。

中国著名酒类

黄酒,这是一种非常古老的酒类,属于粮食发酵酒。黄酒用糯米做原料,经过糖化、发酵、压榨而成。黄酒酿好后,要存放好多年才饮用。黄酒颜色黄亮,酒精浓度比较低,一般仅在15度左右,可是营养价值非常高。最有名的黄酒是绍兴的加饭酒、花雕酒。白酒,这是中国最有代表性的酒类,属于高度粮食蒸馏酒。白酒以淀粉为原料,发酵后蒸馏而成。白酒没有颜色,酒精浓度比较高,一般在40度以上,可绍兴黄酒:花雕酒以点火燃烧,所以又叫“烧酒”。著名的白酒有贵州茅台酒、山西汾酒、陕西西凤酒、四川五粮液、北京二锅头等。此外,属于发酵酒类的葡萄酒、啤酒等也都有著名品种。

In Shang Dynasty, the wine making industry was very developed, and a variety of low alcohol grain wine was produced. Many characters of "wine" in oracle bone inscriptions and bronze wine vessels showed this situation. The emergence of Distiller is an important page in the history of Chinese liquor. Distilled liquor is distilled with heat, distilled water, and alcohol content. The distilled grain wine is the famous baijiu. Baijiu appeared late, and it was only about 800 years ago in Song Dynasty. From artificial fruit wine brewed by natural fermentation, to low alcohol grain wine, and then to highly distilled grain wine, this is about the development process of Chinese wine.

Famous liquor in China

Yellow rice wine, which is a very old wine, belongs to grain fermented wine. Rice wine is made from glutinous rice through saccharification, fermentation and pressing. After brewing, it should be stored for many years before drinking. Yellow rice wine has bright yellow color, low alcohol concentration, generally only about 15 degrees, but its nutritional value is very high. The most famous yellow rice wine is Shaoxing Jiafan wine and Huadiao wine. Baijiu, the most representative liquor in China, is a highly distilled liquor. Baijiu is made from starch and distilled after fermentation. Baijiu yellow wine, Huadiao medium sweet wine, high alcohol concentration, generally more than 40 degrees, Shaoxing yellow rice wine: flower carving wine burning with fire, so it is also called "burning wine". The famous Baijiu ERU liquor is Guizhou Moutai, Shanxi Fenjiu, Shaanxi Xifeng Liquor, Sichuan Wuliangye, Beijing Erguotou and so on. In addition, wine and beer, which belong to fermented wine, also have famous varieties.

Shénqí de zhōngguó jiǔ 

zài zhōngguó, jiǔ shíshí kějiàn, chùchù kějiàn.“Jiǔ féng zhījǐ qiān bēi shǎo”, zhōngguó rén qǐngkè hējiǔ shí, zhǔrén zǒng shì bǎ kèrén de jiǔbēi dào dé mǎn mǎn de, mùdì shì ràng kèrén duō hējiǔ, zhè shì “yǐ jiǔ wèi lǐ” de chuántǒng xíguàn. Wèile ràng biérén duō hējiǔ, jiǔyàn shàng hái chángcháng zuò yīxiē yóuxì, rú duì shī, cāi míyǔ, huáquán děng, shū de rén yào hējiǔ, zhè jiào “jìngjiǔ bù chī, chī fá jiǔ”. Jiǔ kěyǐ yǐnfā shīqínghuàyì, gǔdài hěnduō yǒumíng de shīrén, huàjiā, shūfǎ jiā dōu gēn jiǔ yǒu mìqiè de guānxì. Sānguó shí de cáocāo xǐhuān hējiǔ, tā de shījù “héyǐ jiěyōu, wéiyǒu dùkāng” yǐ chéngwéi qiāngǔ míngjù.“Dǒujiǔ shī bǎi piān” de táng dài dà shīrén lǐbái gèng xǐhuān hējiǔ, yǒurén shuō cóng lǐbái de shī zhōng néng wén dào jiǔ de xiāngqì. Jìn dài shūfǎ jiā wángxīzhī yībiān hējiǔ yībiān xiě chūle shūfǎ míngzuò “lántíng xù”. Táng dài shūfǎ jiā zhāng xù hé huái sù de cǎoshū míngzuò, jùshuō dōu shì zài hē zuìjiǔ hòu xiě chū de. Zhōngguó rén yù dào xǐqìng de shì shì yīdìng yào hējiǔ de,“wú jiǔ bùchéng xí”. Zài zhōngguó chéngxiāng, jiǔdiàn shì fēicháng duō de.

神奇的中国酒

在中国,酒时时可见,处处可见。“酒逢知己千杯少”,中国人请客喝酒时,主人总是把客人的酒杯倒得满满的,目的是让客人多喝酒,这是“以酒为礼”的传统习惯。为了让别人多喝酒,酒宴上还常常做一些游戏,如对诗、猜谜语、划拳等,输的人要喝酒,这叫“敬酒不吃,吃罚酒”。酒可以引发诗情画意,古代很多有名的诗人、画家、书法家都跟酒有密切的关系。

三国时的曹操喜欢喝酒,他的诗句“何以解忧,惟有杜康”已成为千古名句。“斗酒诗百篇”的唐代大诗人李白更喜欢喝酒,有人说从李白的诗中能闻到酒的香气。晋代书法家王羲之一边喝酒一边写出了书法名作《兰亭序》。唐代书法家张旭和怀素的草书名作,据说都是在喝醉酒后写出的。中国人遇到喜庆的事是一定要喝酒的,“无酒不成席”。在中国城乡,酒店是非常多的。

Magic Chinese wine

In China, wine can be seen from time to time and everywhere. When Chinese treat a guest to drink, the host always fills the guest's glass to make the guest drink more. This is the traditional custom of "wine as a gift". In order to make others drink more, some games are often played at banquets, such as poems, riddles, and boxing. The losers have to drink, which is called "toasting, not eating, drinking".

Wine can trigger poetic and picturesque, many famous ancient poets, painters, calligraphers have a close relationship with wine. In the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao liked to drink. His poem "Du Kang is the only way to relieve worries" has become a famous sentence for thousands of years. Li Bai, the great poet of Tang Dynasty, who wrote a hundred poems about wine fighting, preferred to drink. Some people said that he could smell the aroma of wine from his poems. Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher of Jin Dynasty, wrote a famous calligraphy work preface to Lanting while drinking. It is said that Zhang Xu and Huai Su, the calligraphers of the Tang Dynasty, wrote their masterpieces of cursive script after they were drunk. Chinese people must drink when they are in a festive situation. There are many hotels in China's urban and rural areas.