process diagram
为什么同学们会觉得流程图难?根本原因是因为它并不是纯粹的图表题,而有点像介于图表题和论说文之间的一个“灰色”种类。但我们只要注意了流程图的4个要素,就完全可以准确地把握住它的特点。
流程图的4要素
1、流程图的信息比数学图表更零散,而且是“一环扣一环”的。因此,在看图时必须更加仔细,决不能漏掉任何一个细节,否则有可能会导致对整个流程的误读。
2、流程图里面存在生词是完全正常的。即使给你一幅中文的流程图,里面有的技术用语你也可能不认识,所以process diagram (流程图)里出现生词真的并不奇怪。这些生词多数都是名词或动词,而且在生词旁边还配有解释性的图画,我们虽然不一定能准确地猜出它的意思,至少大方向是可以猜出来的。对待流程图里面生词的最好方法就是直接抄到文章里。
3、表示顺序的单词和短语一定要多用。什么叫流程图?就是描述一个过程的图。所以,必须要充分使用下面的词汇和短语才能把过程描述清楚:
At the first stage of ( 或者in) the process... / First,/ First of all, .... (还可以写The process begins with the..但是这个省略号里要写名词或者名词短语,而不能写主谓结构)
At the second ( 或者third / fourth等) stage, ... (注意fourth,不是forth X )
After this, (英式英语里更常用) / After that, ( 美式英语里更常用) = Next,= At the next stage of (或者in) the process, =At the following stage of (或者in) the process,
then ( 在流程图作文里,then 既可以放在句首,也可以放在被动语态里的be动词和过去分词之间,这两种写法都很地道)
例句: Then, the information is sent back to the server. = The information is then sent back to the server.
At this stage, / At this point, (在这个阶段)
Finally, (也可以用eventually这个词,它的语气有点像中文说的“总算-...”.但必须注意,如果全过程并不是非常曲折,那么就要坚定地使用finally。
有了表示顺序的连接词,流程图作文就有了骨骼,再加内容就是水到渠成的事了。
4、如果发现流程图特别复杂,那么就合并成几个大步来写。当你面对一幅包含有十几个小图的流程图时,你是否会感觉一切线、 条、饼其实都只是浮云?但只要仔细研究就会发现,如果一个流程图里真的有一大堆小图,那么只有一种可能: 就是一定可以把这些小图合并成几个大的阶段来介绍。这种情况真的出现时,题目里面一定会有某些细节暗示我们怎样把小图合并成大的阶段。
满分范文
The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the lite of the silkworm.
First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths finally emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.
The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means that they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.
Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.
在流程图范文里也明显地使用了表示顺序的套话。而且, 本文里使用了大量的被动语态形式,这也是流程图的一个语言特色。
The diagram below shows how The Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up to-the-minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts.

分析:
这道题是一道超级典型的流程图,因为它满足了我们对于process diagram的一切幻想:生词无数、N多小图、而且还有迷宫般的网络。
但是,请你暂时抛开心里的恐惧感,静下心来用我们讲过的4个要素来衡量一下:
1、这个图的信息绝对分散,所以你一定要保证每个图和每个字都看见了,而且即使对于不认识的单词也要看一下。
2、题目里有很多生词,但我们基本能够猜出这个图是讲澳洲的某个机构收集天气信息、加工然后再播放的一个流程。有些生词,比如图左下角的drifting buoy可以猜出是在水上收集天气信息的一种装置,那么照搬里就好了,至于它具体是什么没必要知道(其实是浮标)。
3、描述这个图肯定要用很多表示顺序的词或短语。
4、这么分散的图肯定要合并成几个大步来写。分成几大步最好呢?有的同学可能说三大步,按照卫星、雷达和浮标( drifting buoy)这样分别写。这样写在逻辑上是可以的,但信息看起来还是有点乱。那么有没有更好的分步方法呢?
仔细看一下,在这个流程图的上方有4组大写的英文单词,分别是:
incoming information 信息接收.
analysis & forecasting 分析和预报
preparing the broadcast 准备播放
broadcast 播放
官方范文正是按照这样的四步,清晰地说明了整个流程:
范文:
The process diagram illustrates how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology forecasts the weather.
开头段转述原题( illustrate的后面如果是how,那么后面就要写从句,也就是写一个主谓宾或者主系表结构)
There are four main stages in the weather forecast process. The process begins with the collection of weather data. At this stage, information about the weather is collected from outer space, on land and at sea, with satellites, radars, and drifting buoys respectively (分别地). The information about the weather is then analyzed (then被夹在被动语态里的be动词和过去分词之间,这是流程图作文里对于then的最典型用法)by weather forecast experts who study the satellite photos, radar screens, and synoptic charts to forecast the weather. At the third stage in the process , the weather forecast is prepared for broadcast, which is done on computers.
主体段(特别注意表示顺序的词语,以及动词被动形式的密集使用)
Finally, the weather forecast is broadcast (在英式英语里这个词的被动形式不加-ed) to the public on TV, on the radio or as a recorded telephone announcement.
In summary, the process diagram shows how information on the weather is collected, analyzed, prepared for presentation, and finally delivered to the public by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
结尾段 (1~2旬)
这么“虐心”的一道题,通过恰当的结构、表示顺序的词语和正确的动词被动形式,很快就完成了。
The diagram below shows the shaping and growth of the forests in Yellowstone National Park after a fire disaster.

分析:
这道题里的信息和生词都比上一道题少,但是看图仍然要认真。很明显,从第二个图到第三个图,树的总数减少了,从第四个图到第五个图也同样出现了树的总量减少。
规律:
介绍自然界里的流程时使用动词的被动形式通常会少一些(但也不是完全不用被动形式),而介绍人工过程的流程时使用动词的被动形式则非常密集。不论是自然流程还是人工流程,都要使用很多表示顺序的词语。
范文:
The process diagram illustrates the main stages in the recovery (恢复) process of a forest in Yellowstone National Park after a devastating ( 破坏性很大的) forest fire.
It is clear from the process diagram that the old forest is destroyed by lightning and fire. During the first 50 years after the forest fire, many young trees appear in the burned area. Although some of them continue to grow over the second 50 years, the total number of trees in this area decreases. At the next stage of the recovery process, the number of trees remains stable and they continue to grow in size for two centuries. After that, the total number of trees in this area falls again and finally becomes similar to that of the old forest.
Overall, the process diagram shows that it can take 300 years or more for a forest in Yellowstone National Park to fully recover from a devastating wildfire.
只要记准4个要素,流程图不仅可以战胜,甚至可能会比数学图表更好写。所以,请一定克服对流程图的恐惧心理,从容面对。
词汇量不够,如何读懂“史上最难流程图”
The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process,and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.

深入分析:
真是怕什么来什么,甚至有的孩子一看见这题就说: "唉吗,连福岛核电站都拿出来考了!”而且不仅是中国孩子们,Pat 把这两幅图拿给我的一些老美朋友看过,他们/她们刚看到这两幅图(尤其是左边那幅)眼神儿也明显发直。
诚然,这样的考题是BT的。问题是,是否真的已经难到了没法写的程度?
我们就按照最不利的情况(the worst-case scenario) 假设,看看一个仅具有初中词汇水平的考生(考虑到图里有两个难词cement和concrete都是c开头的,我们不妨称之为小c)到底能从这两个图里看出哪些信息(如果他 /她并没有被两幅图的雷人形式吓倒的话)。
在小C眼中,第一幅图描述的肯定是制造某种东西的加工过程(假设悲催的小c不认识标题里的cement水泥这个词),第二幅则是制造另一种东西(假设从小就痛恨英语的小c同时也不认识concrete混凝土这个词),整个过程基本就是把第一种制造出来的东西跟水、沙子、小石子按照不同的百分比( 英语虽然不行,但小c的数学还是不错的)全都倒在一个“大锅”里,再mix。
接着,小c就要凭借他/她少得可怜的词汇量来“猜出”尽可能多的词汇信息了。请跟小c一起静下心来按顺序看图:第一幅图左上角的limestone小c很可能也不认识,但能猜出是某种“石头”(其实是石灰石), 这就已经足够了。clay 这个词小c没有线索可供猜测,但可以肯定它也是一种material。crusher 小c依然不认识,但从词性来看crusher应该是某种人或者某种机器,而且看样子crush 应该还是-个动词( 其实是压碎的意思),写作文时也许还可以借这个动词用一下。 powder 小c继续不认识,但它肯定是第一步的成果,当成宾语直接抄进去对第--步的描述也够用了。
mixer小c还是没问题的,搅拌机嘛。同理还可以对grinder 进行“合法的”猜测,只要知道是某种机器对于写这篇作文来说就已经够用了。像heater和bags这些词就不用猜了,简直是侮辱聪明的小c的智商。rotating 又不知道是什么东东,但图里表示旋转的箭头说明它很可能是跟转动有关的。至于右边的第二个图,小c定睛一看: Wow!除了concrete依然不认识之外,竟然只有gravel -个生词,而且剑桥的叔叔阿姨们居然还特意给了个星号说明gravel = small stones,终于明白了啥叫人性化考试......
勇敢的小c知道了这么多,再加上考前准备的改写原题、介绍顺序的词语等相关知识,过程已经自然地出来了(当然了,下面的高分范文不是小c,而是小p写的,你可以不必写成这样,但如果你因为恐惧根本就不敢深入看题,那可就是你的错了)
The process diagrams illustrate the main steps (在介绍制造工艺和操作过程的流程图里,地道英文经常会用step 来表示“步骤”) In cement production and how cement is us used in the manufacture of concrete for construction purposes.
It is clear from the first process diagram that the cement-making process begins with the raw materials, mainly limestone and clay, being crushed into powder in a crusher. The powder is blended in a mixer at the next stage of the process ,and then transported to a rotating heater. After being heated in the heater, the compound is fed to a grinder and ground into cement, which is then packed into bags. (人工的过程当然要密集使用动词的被动形式,表示顺序的词语也必不可少)
The second process diagram shows that after the cement is prepared, it is mixed in a revolving concrete mixer with water, sand and gravel in the proportion of 15% :10% :25% :50% to produce concrete.
In summary, the two process diagrams show the manufacturing process of cement and its role as a key material in the production of concrete.
词汇表
manufacture制造
raw materials原材料
ingredients来表示原材料,但在地道英文里ingredients只能表示食品的原料,-定不要把沙子、石子等称为ingredients
powder粉末
blend混合,请注意流程图作文里经常会使用动词被动语态的语言特点
rotating旋转的
compound混合物
feed在描述制造工艺时feed是“ 输送"的意思,注意它的过去分词是fed
grind碾压,注意它的过去分词是ground (这一点小c确实无从知道,但即使写出错误的过去分词grinded也总比根本就不敢动笔强)
pack打包
范文已经看完了,可小C还是不知道这两个图里的cement和concrete到底是什么东东。其实只要有勇气认真看图,能够猜出它们是两种产品,而且把它们正确无误地抄到文章里就足够了。是否知道它们分别是水泥和混凝土,对于写这篇process diagram又有什么分别呢....