图表型presentation
通常用图片、表格的方式反映出某一问题、现象或观点，该类作文要求考生首先对图表进行简单表述，然后点题并加以论证说明。时间3分钟。
table (表格), line graph (线图), bar chart (柱状图)，
pie chart (饼状图)，process diagram ( 流程图)，map (地图)。
图表作文较常见，要求学生通过图中数据和提示内容写一短文，属于比较、对照类。也可根据提示写为议论文。通常我们采取三段式写法：
第一段：描述图表，得出结论。 40''
The picture tells us about the +图表topic+时间跨度或地点。描述特征数据
第二段：紧扣主题，根据图表比较分析原因，论证结论。1'30''
As far as I'm concerned, there are several reasons contributing to this phenomenon/ change/ increase/decrease/sharp contrast.
As far as I'm concerned, there are several measures to be taken to solve this problem.
Firstly...
Secondly...
Last but not least...
第三段：发表议论，提出自己的看法。 30''
In my point of view, 提炼自己观点。引用格言警句，国家举措 as the old saying goes, Just as our President Xi Jingping said, ...
As college students of the new era, we should study hard to get more knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of the +topic +and roll up our sleeves to work for a better and bright future.
写图表作文，并不是单纯的用语言文字把图表里的所有数字信息一一摊摆，逐条列出，而是利用这些数据，经常还得筛选，将该图表所要说明的主要问题阐述清楚。就这个意义上说，图表作文属于说明文。如果图表信息是用来论证某一观点，则图表作文属于议论文。
因此，图表作文在结构处理和写法上与说明文或议论文是相同的。它通常必须：
用一个主题句或引言段，综述全图表的中心信息（也就是考生在审阅图表后形成的结论）。
列举三组左右的相关数据来说明或证实主题句或引言段所提及的要点。
分析产生这一图表结论的原因或联想推测可能引起的后果。
语言特色
图表描述是客观性描述，风格应该力求客观真实，不要太“激情"。
我们仔细感受一下范文:
In 2020, 1250000 visitors stayed on cruise ships, while 100000 tourists stayed on the island, showing no change from the previous year. The total number of visitors remained the same in the flowing year.
The second chart shows the percentage of saturated fat in meals. By eating dinner, 37% of saturated fat is consumed. Lunch contributes to a consumption of 26% saturated fat, followed by snacks with 21% and breakfast with 16%.
In 1918, about 78% of households lived in rented accommodation. Then it leveled off at around 68% between 1939 and 1953. From 1961 to 1981, it dropped dramatically to 35%.
Swiss sales figures lumped from 15 million to 47 million euros, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1 million to 5.5 million euros and from 0.6 million to 4 million euros respectively.
Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q(quadrillion万亿). Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, while after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.
图表描述审题的3大纪律
1、看图时要看清单位，例如grams per person per week, metric tons, km等。如果图里提供了单位你却忘了使用，将会导致介绍的数字没有意义;
2、图形旁边如果给出了图例，也务必看仔细。例如，线图右侧的图例里每种线型对应的国名要分清楚，没把握的同学还可以在图例旁边写出中文名称提示自己，以防止介绍数字时出现数字和国名“对不上”的错误:
3、不要轻视图形上方或者图形下方的文字标题。例如，Post-school qualifications in Australia according to gender，这些文字标题有时可以为改写开头段提供有用的“好词”。
常用句型：
（1）表示说明的开篇句式：
As we can see from the chart / graph / table/ picture…
The chart/graph/ table displays/ illustrates/ describes/ indicates/ points out that …
It is clear/ apparent from the chart/ table/ graph that…
The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that …
The table/chart /graph shows (that) …
According to the table/chart /graph, …
As is shown in the table/chart /graph, …
As can be seen from the table/chart/ graph/picture, …
It can be seen from the figures/statistics that …
We can see from the figures/statistics that …
As we can see in this picture, …
This picture shows that …
（2）描述图表的句式：
A takes up/ occupies/ accounts for 20% of the total population/ output/ income/ expenditure/ consumption.
On the top of the list is…, which accounts for 60%.
On the bottom is …, which takes up 20%.
Compared with A, B has a higher percentage.
A is second to B. （A仅次于B。）
There was a very slight/ small/ slow/gradual/ steady/ marked/ large/ sharp/ rapid/ sudden/ dramatic rise/ increase/ drop/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction in 2008.
The number of…declines/rises by …% from … to …
The number of… remains steady/ stable/ the same …
The price leveled off.
（3）表明个人观点的句式
As has been shown above, we can safely say that …
As far as I am concerned, …
To the best of my knowledge, …
As to me, ….
In my view / opinion, …
（4）表示总结概括的句式
In conclusion / In summary / In a word / In brief, …
介绍数据和变化趋势的常用词汇一网打尽
(每类最多背3个，过去式也要掌握)
变化动词1
表示上升的动词
go up (went up,括号里的是过去式)
increase ( increased )
★rise (rose) grow ( grew)
其中，rise和increase这两个词也可以作为名词使用。
push up, continue its upward trend; on the rise
此外，“呈现出上升的趋势1呈现出下降的趋势”也可以用地道短语show an upward trend或者show a downward trend 来表达。
例句:
In the UK sales grew from 1 million euros to 5. 5 million euros.
(注意: 数字后面的million必须保持单数)
The percentage of households in owned accommodation rose from 21% to 32% between 1918 and 1953.
表示下降的动词
★decline (declined) (切记: 表示“下降"时decline绝不能用被动形式)
★fall(fell)
drop ( dropped )
decrease ( decreased )
这四个词都经常可以作为名词使用。
例句:
The export earnings of gems and jewelry decreased by18% between 2015 and 2020.
The figures fell steadily over the next ten years.
(fell 是fall的过去式，地道短语fell steadily是“平稳地下降")
After slight increases, hydropower fell back to the 1980 figure.
(短语 fall back to是“回落...，它对描述数据先升高之后又回落到接近原数值时很有用)
规律
中国同学们都知道表示从...升(或者....下降)至....的介词搭配应该用from... to... ，但是如果并不想突出具体的起点数值和终点数值，而是想强调上升(或者下降)的幅度，那么该用哪个介词呢?
如果要强调上升或者下降的幅度，请坚定地使用介词by。而且，当用by表示涨跌幅度的时候，它的后面跟具体的数字或者百分比都可以，用起来相当方便:
例句:
Sales in Belgium grew from 0. 6 million euros to 4 million euros.
(from ... to...的作用是强调上升或者下降的起点数值与终点数值是多少)
Over the next 5 years, sales of mobile phones rose by E 25 billion.
(by 的作用是强调上升或者下降的幅度是多少，在这个实例里面，by后面的变化幅度是一个具体数值)
Exports of goods fell by 1. 6% in the fourth quarter of 2022.
(在这个实例里面，by 后面的变化幅度是一个百分比)
变化动词2
表示在某个范围内波动的动词
★fluctuate ( fluctuated) ( 切记:它不能使用被动形式)
常考搭配: fluctuate between... and...
例句: During this period, the figure for chicken fluctuated between 90 and 75 pounds
per person per year.
表示稳定在某一水平的短语
★remain stable at
(只要看到一根线里有一段接近于水平的线，就应该触电似地想到这个短语)
★remain steady at (它和remain stable at都很常用，两个只选一个记就可以)
level off at (这三个短语里的at之后都是填入具体的数字或者百分比)
例句:
The figure for Australia remained stable at just over e 235 billion between 2001 and 2011.
The figure for the UK remained steady at around E 430 billion between 2000 and 2002.
表示经历了某种变化的动词( 只要图里存在时间变化就一定能用到，过去式也要知道)
★see ( saw)
★experience ( experienced )
★witness ( witnessed )
例句:
London saw a significant increase in the number of visitors between 1985 and 1995.
The cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend.
(固定短语see an opposite trend的意思是“ 呈现出相反的趋势”).
The unemployment rate in the UK experienced a sharp rise from 2.5% to 7% between 1970 and 1980.
表示到达最高点的短语
★peak ( 动词) at...
★reach its peak (名词) at...
这两个短语里的at后面填入具体的数值或者百分数都可以
例句: Local calls peaked at 90 billion minutes and then fell back to the 1995 figure.
表示到达最低点的短语
★reach its lowest point at
fall to its lowest point at
表示达到.....或者位于......的动词
stand at (表示“位于”多少，它的过去式是stood at)
reach (表示“达到”多少,它的过去式是reached,注意reach是及物动词，它的后面不能跟at)
此外，我们也可以用前面学习的“上升到....下降到....等短语来表示某个时间所对应的数值
表示占多少份额的动词(含百分比或份额的考题里必用，尤其在pie chart里是考官的最爱)
★account for ( accounted for)
★take up (took up)
★occupy (occupied)
★represent ( represented )
★constitute ( constituted)
例句:
Office buildings accounted for 36% of total energy consumption in 2023.
The cost of equipment represented 23% of the school budget.
表示对将来数字的预测的动词
★expect
★project
★predict
注意:这三个动词一般都是以被动形式出现。而且，虽然是描述未来的数字，但是它们前面的be动词仍然要用is或者are的一般现在时形式。请看实例:
常考搭配: (主语) is expected to/ is projected to/ is predicted to ... (后接动词原形)
例句: Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31 quadrillion units by 2030.
(请特别注意:虽然这个短语是介绍将来的趋势，但be动词用的是is,而不是will be)
The number of train users is expected to rise to reach almost 7 million by
2035. (这个短语里的be动词也是用is,而不是用will be)
变化动词3
表示一个事物是另一个事物的两倍或者三倍的表达
* be twice as high (或者long/ last/ popular筹) as
* be three times as high (或者long/ last/ popular等) as .
例句:
In European countries, the average meat consumption was twice as high as the global average.
如果要写四倍、五倍，把three替换成four或者five就好了，但用到三倍的机会其实就已经比较少了
表示变成原来数值的两倍或者三倍的动词
★double (过去式是doubled) ( 变成原来的两倍)
increase twofold (变成原来的两倍)
★triple (过去式是tripled) (变成原来的三倍)
例句:
Sales in Switzerland doubled from 3 million euros to 6 million euros.
The use of mobile phones tripled between 1999 and 2002.
问答:有很多中国同学问increase twofold这个短语到底是指变成原来的两倍还是变成原来的三倍，答案非常明确: 短语increase twofold在英美的通用理解就是变成原来的两倍，而短语increase threefold才是表示变成原来的三倍
提示:如果要表示“变成了接近原来的两倍"，"变成了比原来的两倍还多"，“几乎变成了
原来的三倍”等含义，还可以使用almost doubled, more than doubled, was nearly three times as high as .等形式表达.
表示始终高于或者始终低于的句型
★is (或者are) consistently higher than ...始终高于..
(过去时把is/ are换成was / were即可)
★is (或者are) consistently lower than ...始终低于..
(过去时也是把is / are换成was/ were就好了)
例句: Per capita (人均的) health spending in Northern Ireland was consistently higher than in England over the 30-year period (在这30年期间)。
表示原来有的差距变小的句型
The gap between … and ... narrows (过去式: narrowed).
例句:
The gap between men's incomes and women's incomes narrowed over the 25-year period.
反义句型: The gap between ... and ... widens (过去式: widened).
表示原来少于、但是后来超过的及物动词
exceed (过去式是exceeded,它后面跟阿拉伯数字或者百分数)
overtake (过去式是overtook,它后面跟比较的对象)
例句:
The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980.
小作文里的比较有两种情况:
对比，也就是指出明显的差别或者明显的倍数关系；
类比，也就是指出明显的相同点或者明显的相似之处。
修饰形容词和副词
表示急剧的形容词
★sharp ( sharply)
★rapid (rapidly)
★dramatic (dramatically)
括号里的是副词形式。
例句:
There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes.
From 1961 to 1981, the percentage of households in rented accommodation dropped dramatically from 58% to 40%.
表示持续的形容词
★steady ( steadily)/stable
stable是用来表示稳定、稳固，没有变化的状态，属于静态的形容词；
steady也是稳定，说明还是非常有规律的变化，属于动态形容词。
比如，可以说steady rain(连绵的雨），但不能说stable rain。
There is a steady increase in stock market. 股票稳中有升。
表示稳定的上升，比如每天都increase 10，不是一下子冲上去很多。
★consistent (consistently)
★gradual (gradually)
区分: consistently表示“持续地上升或者下降”，急剧地或者稳步地都有可能，而gradually / steadily则是特指"稳步地(上升或者下隆)”
例句:
Coal is predicted to increase steadily (稳步地上升) to 33 quadrillion units in 2035.
提示：如果要用动词表示某个趋势延续，最常用的就是动词continue
表示显著的、大幅度的形容词
★significant (significantly)
★noticeable (noticeably)
★considerable (considerably)
例句: The consumption of fish increased significantly from 58 pounds to around 80 pounds per person per year between 1970 and 1980.
This rise was particularly noticeable (尤其显著) between 1999 and 2002.
表示很小幅度的形容词
★slight ( slightly)
例句: There was a slight increase from 33% to 36% in the percentage of households in rented accommodation in 2011.
This figure is expected to rise slightly to 9.1% by 2030.
也可以用a bit larger这样的口语化表达
表示大约的词汇
★about .
★around
★just over (略多于)
★just under (略少于)
approximately (这个词的拼写有-定挑战性，尤其是pp和xi两个位置经常被同学们拼错，如果想记就要记准拼写，否则宁可不记。
例句:
In 1960 the proportion of people aged 65 and over stood at (位于) around 8% in Sweden.
The figure for people who ate fast food every day fell to about 3%.
表示分别的副词.
respectively (用在两组或者多组数字的后面)
例句:
In the UK and Belgium, sales grew from 1 million euros to 5. 5 million euros and from 0.6 million euros to 4 million euros respectively.
特别提示:虽然中国同学们都能把表示快速、慢速、上升、下降的词汇背得异常精熟，但是对表示“占...”“稳定....“位... .、"明显地”、“预计将达到"、“持续高于”等常用的词汇和短语却往往容易忽视。希望积极地使用account for, represent, make up, remain stable at, stand at, significantly, is expected to, is predicted to, consistently higher 等同样很地道但却相对“冷门”的词汇
