Q：如何完成一个动作的绘制？
Question：How to draw a character's movement?
一个动作的三种画法 Three ways to animate :
1、逐张画法(straight ahead action)
从动作的第一个姿势画起，一张张画到最后一个姿势。
From the first pose of the action, one by one, to the last pose.
直觉性的方法，会得到非常自然流畅的效果。
The intuitive approach will result in a very natural flow.
绘制手翻书经常使用。
Always be used in drawing flipbook.
2、原动画法(pose to pose)
通过对动作的理解和认识，筛选出一些重要的、关键的、具有代表性的姿势去画出来，余下的交给动画完成，缩短工期。
Depending on the understanding of performance, we need to chose someimportant, key and representative gestures to draw, and left the rest ofanimation to the inbetweener, for saving time.
比较主控性的方法，可以较容易完成有计划或构架清楚的动画。
A more controlled approach makes the animation more planned andstructured.
3、逐张画法+原动画法（Straigt ahead+pose to pose)
二者的结合。
关键张（Key pose）
原画（key frame／Extreme)
小原画 (Break down)
动画 (Inbetween)
日本商业动画产业中的名称和职位
Name and career position in Japanese animation industry
关键张 Key pose (Storytelling drawings)
关键张是交代发生在一个镜头内的故事的一张或者多张画，是表现情节的关键画面
TheKey pose frame is one or more important pictures to tell the story that happened in one shot.
适用于一个镜头内有多个动作情节，且镜头持续时间较长。
Suitable for multiple actions in one shot and the duration of the shot is long.
关键张案例 Key pose samples ↓
原画 Keyframe
“我们公司原画太少了”
“这个镜头缺原画”
“他正在画原画”
“原画”可以是一个人，代表一个职位。
“原画”也可以是一张画面。
“原画”作为人——原画师 Keyframe animator, a person
是动画片里每个角色动作的主要创作者。是动作设计和绘制的第一道工序。
Is the primary creator of each character’s action in animation. He/Sheis the first working procedure of specific action designer and drawer.
原画师的职责和任务：按剧情和导演的意图，依照分镜、设计稿的指示，完成动画镜头中所有角色的动作设计，画出动作和表情的关键动态画面。
Duties and tasks of the Keyframeanimator: Complete all designs of characters’actions in a shot, depending on the story, the director's requirements, storyboard, and Layout.
原画师必须具备绘画与表演的才能。
A keyframe animator should have the ability of sketching, drawing and acting (which you crazy guys are good at!)
除画技之外的要求：对导演意图理解的深刻、对人物形象掌握的准确、对角色性格特点的把握、对夸张动作表情的理解。
Besides, a keyframe animator should profoundly understand the director's intention, accurately familiar with the character’s design, know the character’s personality and understand the character's movements and expressions.
"原画"作为画——原画 Keyframe as picture
一般来说，关键的画或动作起始、结束位置被称为原画，而原画与原画之间的那些画被称为动画（中间画、中割）
In general, the key drawing and the beginning, ending and extreme position of the action are called Keyframe, while those drawings between the keyframes are called the Inbetween.
原画是起指导作用的，指导动画画在正确的位置。
Keyframe is a guide for Inbetweens.
上图中，①、⑤是原画Keyframe，2、3、4是动画Inbetween
以下是《火影忍者Naruto》的原画案例 Keyframe sequence of Naruto
原画产生于大规模动画片制作，让原画师可以在同样的时间内创作更多内容。其目的就是为了提高影片质量和加快生产周期，实现原画师与动画师的多人合作。
The Keyframe & Inbetween workflow is produced in massive animation production. The keyframe animator could create more frames in a period of time. The aim is to improve the quality of the animation and speed up the production cycle. It realized multi-person cooperation.
姿势Pose：是固定造型，表现为静止状态。
动作movement：是若干姿势按次序变化的过程，表现为运动状态。
Pose is not action!Pose is a still image, action is a sequence of images.
每个镜头中，角色的连续性动作，必须先由原画师画出其中关键性的动态画面（原画），然后才能进入动画工序。
An animator should draw keyframes first! And then add inbetween to make the animation smoother.
画面的精彩程度很大一部分上取决于原画是否流畅、有创意。
The large part of the excellence of animation depends on whether the keyframe image is precise and creative.
以下都是商业动画的原画案例，并没有加动画
The following key-frame sequences (no Inbetweens) come from Commercial animation.
动画 Inbetween
“动画”作为人——原画的助手和合作者
Inbetweener, as the assistant and partner of Keyframeanimator
20世纪20年代，大部分工作都是由动画师自己做的。迪克是纽约的顶级动画师，他当时为麦克斯和弗雷雪做《马特和杰夫》系列。迪克告诉我说他们对他这样说：“你的工作很出色，可跟不上我们的预期速度。”迪克提议：“给我一个助手画中间画，那么我的速度就会加快两三倍。”这就是中间画／动画师的来历。
In the 1920s, animators did most of work themselves. Dick Huemerwas the top New York animator and was working for Max and Dave Fleischer on their Mutt and Jeff series. Dick told me they said to him, ‘Your work is great, Dick, but we can't get enough of it.’ So Dick said to them, ‘Give me someone to put in the in-between drawings and I'll do two to three times as much work.’ And that was the invention of the ‘inbetweener’.
动画师的职责：将原画关键动态之间的变化过程，按照原画所规定的动作范围、张数及运动规律，依次画出中间画，此过程叫加动画。
Responsibilities of the Inbetweener: complete the animation between the Keyframe, and make the animation smoother.
加动画并不完全是一个机械的工作，要在符合基本规律的基础上，加入动画师对动作的理解。同样是加动画，10个人加出来也许会有10种不同的效果，这种差异很大程度上取决于原画，如果原画跳跃性越大，加动画的难度越大，加出来的差异也就越大。
Adding inbetween is not just mechanical work. It should follow the basic animation principles, and also depends on the understanding of actions.
“动画”作为画 Inbetween as a image
是运动物体关键动态之间渐变过程的画，也就是两张原画之间的画。
Inbetween is the images between two Keyframes, shows the changing process between poses.
也称“中间画”、“中割”
动画的作用：让动作更细腻、流畅、自然
The function of inbetween: make the movement more delicate, smooth and natural.
上图是只有原画，没有加动画的动作
上图是加了动画的完整动作
原画——>加动画——>最终合成效果
小原画 Breakdown
在原画与原画之间，常常会有对动作的正确完成产生影响的非常重要的中间位置
There always be an important position between two keyframes. It creates good or bad animation.
这个位置被称为两个原画之间的“小原画”或“过渡位置“。
We called this ‘the break-down’ drawing or ‘passing position’ between two keyframes.
错误的小原画 Wrong Breakdown↓
正确的小原画 Right Breakdown↓
不同的小原画，会产生不同的动作
Different breakdown makes a different movement.
正确的动画绘制过程 Right animation workflow
1、关键张 Key pose
2、原画 Key frame
3、小原画 Break down
4、动画 Inbetween
总结：
关键帧是原画中最应该把握住的，最能交代故事的动作点。
The keypose is the one that can explain the story in the first.
原画是表现动作关键动态的画。
Keyframe/Extreme is a drawing that shows the key dynamics of action.
小原画是原画之间，需要原画师绘制的对故事表达有重要辅助作用的节点。
The breakdown is between the keyframes that play an important assistant role in story telling.
中间画，相当于动画部门对原画的补帧，使动作更加流畅完美。
The inbetween makes the movement more smooth and perfect.
