Listening and Speaking

1.

·       1) 400

2) atthe event’s dinner

·       3) a historic speech

·       4) 161 billionaires and near-billionaires

5) tryto help solve

·       6) creating markets

·       7) in long-term 

·       8) October 8, 2012 issue

Text A

Reading Comprehension

1.

                                                       

Issue	Cause(s)	Connective(s)	Immediate effect(s)
No massive worldwide effort  to save the dying children	Billions of poor people have  no way to express their needs in ways that matter to market.	so	They go  without.
	Those taking the risk capture only a small subset of the returns.	because	There are huge opportunities  for innovations ignored by the market.
	The market is not going to  place huge bets on research without buyers.	This explains  why	We have no  vaccine for malaria today.
	Government’s election cycles  are short.	because	Government does not take the long view.
	Political opponents are  eager to exploit failures.	given	Government is averse to  risk, backing only the ones that make  progress.
Summary of the causes	The market limitations and the obstacles government faces to funding innovation account for the lack of  massive effort for the service of poor people.
Thesis statement	Catalytic philanthropy funds unexplored innovations that business  and government are not likely to pursue, and the big benefits of the  investment in such innovations will go to the  poor, the sick, and the society.

2.

A. The way catalyticphilanthropy works (Paras. 7–9)

1) Catalytic philanthropy cantranscend the key market limitations above by harnessing political and market forces.

2) The foundation’s approachis by working in a world beyond the reachof market forces.

3) Philanthropy’s role is toget things started. We used foundation funds to make market forces work; guaranteeing purchases so drugcompanies could make a little bit of money.

4) With efforts of ourfoundation, governments then put in money to addto the market incentives, and some drug companies began to factor poor-world diseases into their business model.

B. Effects of catalyticphilanthropy (Paras. 9–11)

1) In both research anddelivery, well-targeted philanthropic money was able to trigger action from government and business. (Para. 9)

2) Since 2000, this catalyticphilanthropy partnership has immunized morethan 250 million children and prevented morethan 5 million deaths. (Para. 9)

3) Whether your chief resourceis volunteer-time or hard earned dollars, for a relatively small investment,catalytic philanthropy can make a bigimpact. (Para. 11)

Languagein Use

4.

                                                                                    

noun	verb	adjective
mass	mass	massive
contributor  contribution	contribute	contributive
fertilizer  fertility	fertilize	fertile
capture  capturer	capture	captive
thrill  thriller	thrill	thrilling/thrilled
immunity	immunize	immune
delivery	deliver	deliverable
ignorance	ignore	ignorant
exploiter  exploitation	exploit	exploitive
investment  investor	invest	/
innovator  innovation	innovate	innovative
impact	impact	impacted

·       1) contribute 

·       2) thrill 

·       3) immune 

·       4) deliver 

·       5) fertile

·       6) ignorance 

·       7) massive 

·       8) invest 

·       9) captured 

·       10) exploit

5.

1) put in (to spend a lot oftime or make a lot of effort doing sth.)

2) put off (to change sth. toa later time or date)

3) fill in (to complete aform, etc. by writing information on it)

4) fill up (to make sth.completely full)

5) leave off (to stop doingsth.)

6) leave behind (to go awayfrom a place without taking sth./sb. with you)

6.

lose one’s shirt -> to losea lot of money or assets

lose face -> to behumiliated

lose heart -> to becomediscouraged

lose one’s head -> to losecontrol, panic

lose yourself in sth. -> tobecome so interested in sth. that it takes all your attention

play with fire -> to dosth. dangerous or risky

play ball with sb. -> tocooperate with sb.

play one’s cards right ->to work or negotiate correctly and skillfully

play devil’s advocate -> toput forward arguments against a proposition － which one may actually agreewith － purely for the sake of it

play games with sb. -> touse clever strategies against sb.

·       1) lose your shirt 

·       2) lose your head 

·       3) are playing with fire

·       4) losing face 

·       5) play games with 

·       6) lost himself in

·       7) play her cards right 

·       8) playing devil’s advocate

7.

·       a. 1) 硬币的人头面 

·       2) 领导 

·       3) 上座 

·       4) 水源 

·       5) 思想

·       b. 1) a 

·       2) b 

·       3) b 

·       4) c 

·       5) c

8.

Referencetranslation

1) 有大量的创新机遇，可市场却视而不见，因为这样的风险投资往往回报甚微。

2) 这就说明了为什么尽管每年有一百万人死于疟疾，但疫苗却至今没有研制出来的原因。

3) 它能及市场所不能及，从而（为贫困人群）提供安全保障。

4) 因担心政治对手紧盯着政府的失误不放，政府不愿冒险。

5) 在亚利桑那州的梅萨市，由于改用了智能警务方法，警察部门将犯罪率降低了25%。

9.

Referencetranslation

1) They search online for thelatest information of transportation, hotel, and tourist attractions, eventhough it is not their first trip to Europe./Although it’s not their first tripto Europe, they search online for the latest information of transportation,hotel, and tourist attractions.

2) While writing a check to alocal nonprofit organization may indeed help some poor people, Bill Gatesbelieves that catalytic philanthropy can better meet human needs and bringpositive impact on the market.

3) Hard as the government hastried to help the poor, many things are still beyond its reach.

4) In spite of their uniqueadvantages, small businesses without innovative ideas and technologies willhave to take greater risks in investment.

5) Given (that there havebeen) technical breakthroughs, it still doesn’t mean that all the problems canbe solved.

Text B

Reading Comprehension

1.

·       1) e 

·       2) f 

·       3) a 

·       4) g 

·       5) b

·       6) c 

·       7) d

Languagein Use

2.

·       1) blew 

·       2) architecture 

·       3) foresaw 

·       4) precisely

·       5) envisions

·       6) accomplish

7)definitive 

·       8) constructed

3.

·       1) in 

·       2) under/on 

·       3) from

·       4) to 

·       5) at 

·       6) of

4.

Referencetranslation

1) 从第一次到米兰开始，列奥纳多越来越沉迷于他的科学调查。

2) 尽管深受古希腊、古罗马作品的影响，与同时代的许多人不同，列奥纳多发现仅仅从那些作品或者圣经中寻求真理存在局限性。

3) 之前和同时代的作者写出的解剖学报告繁冗不堪。

4) 他设计了一系列基于传动装置的东西，包括自行车、直升机、“汽车”，当然还有一些恐怖的武器。

5) 他的设计草案中还包括一个可以测量湿度的装置、一个蒸汽驱动的加农炮、许多不同的水车和大量用流水驱动的实用的工业机器。

Writing

1.Thesisstatement:

In recent decades, cities havegrown so large that now about 50% of the Earth’s population lives in urbanareas.

Details:

1) First, jobopportunities attracted many people from rural areas.

2) Second, bettereducation for children attracted many families to move to the cities.

3) Finally, facilitiesof entertainment and culture in cities drew people away from rural communities.

Pattern of organization: a

2

1) has resulted in the changeof his life

2) explain why the governmentgenerally doesn’t take a long view

3) As a result of the harshand windy weather conditions

4) attribute theextreme/severe weather events to

5) have led to a dramaticincrease in cases of childhood obesity

3

Step 1: Planning

Effect I spend most of my sparetime reading.

Cause 1 Be well-informed.

Cause 2 Gain inspiration.

Cause 3 Enjoy the quiet momentsof reading.

Step 2: Drafting andorganizing

Topic sentence (Effect): I spend most of my sparetime reading.

I read because I want to getwell-informed, especially about things that happened in history and things thatare happening around the world.

I read also because I can always gaininspiration from the author and the life experiences of the characters.

A third reason for my readingis that I truly enjoy the quietmoments of reading while others are gossiping or hanging around.