Words and phrases
1) make a difference to have anoticeable and valuable effect
e.g.When you are learning to drive, having a good teacher makes a difference.
2)versus prep.
①usedto show that two teams or sides are against each other
e.g.Itis France versus Brazil in the final.
决赛是在英国和巴西队之间进行的。
②usedto compare two different ideas, choices, etc
e.g.The finance minister must weigh up the benefits of a tax cut versus thedemand for increased public spending
3)contribute to
①tojoin with others in giving(money, help)
e.g.The Sung Dynasty contributed three great inventions to worldcivilization..
②tohelp in causing a situation, event or condition
e.g.This advertising campaign has contributed significantly to thesuccess of the new car.
这个广告宣传活动对于这款车的热卖起到了重要的作用。
③towrite and send (a written article)to a magazine ,newspaper etc
e.g.She regularly contributes to the college magazine.
4) encounter n.
①an occasion when you meet or experience sth.
eg. a child’s first encounter with books.
aclose encounter with a snake(=a frightening situation in which you gettoo close to sth.)
②an occasion when you meet sb. or do sth with sb. You donot know.
eg. She didn’t remember our encounter last summer.
Hisfirst encounter with Wilson was back in 1989.
v.(~with):to meet or have to deal with (sth .bad, especially a danger or a difficulty);tobe faced with
eg. Her proposals were encountered with opposition from the public.
5)essentially: adv. usedwhen stating the most basic facts about sth.
eg. She’s essentially a nice person.
Thosestories all asked the same question essentially. who do we think we are?
6)foster: v.①foster sth. :toencourage sth. to develop
eg, We hope these meetings will help foster friendly between relationsour two countries .
②fostersb.: to take another person’s child into your home for a period of time, withoutbecoming his or her legal parents
eg. We fostered the little girl for several months while her mother wasin hospital.
7)stunning: adj. extremelyattractive or impressive
eg. She looks absolutely stunning in that dress.
Itcan also be regarded as a stunning miracle of life.
8)Dramatically: adv. prominently
e.g. nomatter who wins this election ,the direction
of the country is going to changedramatically.
9)bet:n.1)an arrangement to risk money, etc. on the result of a particular event; themoney that you risk in this way
e g. towin/lose a bet
I hearyou’re taking bets on whether she’ll marry him.
2)anopinion about what is likely to happen or to have happened
e g. Mybet is that they’ve been held up in traffic.
v.(~on/against)to rest money on a race or an event by trying to predict the result
e g. Ibet 5 dollars on a horse called Silver Star, but it came in last!
10)averse to sth./doing sth:
(formal)not liking sth, or wanting to do sth.: opposed to doing sth.
e.g.He was averse to any change.
Whitecollar workers in Britain seem averse to travelling by bus, but theywill happily catch a train.
11)transcend: 1)to beor go beyond the usual limits of sth.
E.g.The desire for peace transcended political differences.
Thesize of the universe transcends human understanding.
2) to go beyond in size，strength，quality etc.; tosurpass
e.g.His latest symphony transcends anything he has ever written before.
12)Stand to do sth.：
1) to bein a position to gain or lose
e.g.If this new law is passed，we standto lose our tax advantage.
13)sit on shelves：to delay takingactions; to ignore
e.g. His proposal has been sitting on shelves for several months.
Inthe Shanghai shop that sells Barbie dolls，workers find that Blonde Barbie’s sell well，but dolls withAsian features just sit on shelves.
14)Beyond the reach of：out of reach of; notin control of
e.g.She put the medicine on the top shelf beyond the reach of her son.
Histhought is beyond the reach of my imagination.
loseone’s shirt: to lose a lot of money; to lose all of one’s assets
e.g.He lost his shirt in a bad business deal.
Hegot divorced three years ago because he lost his shirt on a huge bet.
15)Put in：1)to devote (time，effort，etc.)to a task
e.g.They’ve put in time and effort to keep the strike going.
Weneed to put in our time and work on our skills.
2) to makean application as for a job or funding
e.g.I also put in a request for some overtime.
3) tobreak into a conversation
e.g.“He was a lawyer before that, ”Mary Ann put in，abruptly.
16)Factor...into: toinclude a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planningsth.
e.g.Inflation should be factored into budget
Whilethese are not graded ,they will be factored into evaluation of yourperformance.
17)resource：n.1)a supply ofsth. that a country, an organization, or a person has and can use, especiallyto increase their wealth
e.g.the exploitation of minerals and other resources
Themarket plays a basic role in optimizing the distribution of resourcesunder a market economy environment.
2) sth. that can be used to help achieve anaim, especially a book, equipment, etc. that provides information for teachersand students
e.g.The database could be used as a teaching resource in colleges.
Timeis your most valuable resource, especially in examinations.
