3. 句子是如何造成我们阅读理解障碍的

写在句子结构划分前的一些内容

你需要知道什么是：

名词：表示人或事物名称的词

动词：表示动作或状态

形容词：表示人或事物的性质或者特征

副词：修饰或限制动词和形容词，表示动作特征或性状特征,very, only

代词：代替名词或数词，we, some

介词：表示名词或代词于其他词的关系，in, at, from

连词：连接词与词、短语和短语、句子和句子，and，if

数词：表示数目或顺序

主语：表示句子描述的是“谁”或者“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象；通常由名词、代词、动词不定时、动名词或从句等担任：The sun rises in the east.

谓语：说明主语的动作或状态；由动词短语担任：We study English.

宾语：表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容，或用于借此后构成介词短语；通常有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任： We love China.当中的China。宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语，表示动作对谁或为谁做：He gave me a book.当中book是直接宾语，me是间接宾语。

表语：说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与联系动词一起构成复合谓语，通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定时、动名词、分词或从句等担任：We are Chinese.

定语：修饰或限定名词或代词用的；通常由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担任： This is a difficult problem.当中的difficult。

补语：补充说明主语或宾语用的；通常由形容词、名词、带刺、数次等担任：We elected her our president.当中president就是补充说明宾语her的。

状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子用的；通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句等担任：He runs fast.当中的fast就是状语，修饰run。

同位语：对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释；通常由名词、数词、代词或从句等担任： This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.当中的headmaster就是Mr. Zhou的同位语。

插入语：对一句话做一些附加的解释；通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词或从句等担任： To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.

为什么要掌握这些内容呢？因为接下来你会发现造成你阅读理解障碍的真的不一定是单词而是句子结构，请看：

l Ctx: In flat plains country, he saw moraines (mass of earth deposited by glaciers during the movement)

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word moraine?

A.  Accumulation of loose rock and dirts

B. Desertification

C. Transition from forest into steppe

D. collision of icebergs 

题目形式表面上是在考察词汇，但实际上即便这个所考的词汇你并不认识却并不妨碍你对整个句子信息的理解。再联系我们之前在第三单元所遇到的“词汇题”，比方说

Despite his rich _____ food, the chef was able to practice ______ when his diet became threatening to his health.

A. penchant for, austerity

B. fondness for, indulgence

C. avoidance of, luxury

D. indifference to, asceticism

E. talent for, virtuosity

 你会发现在词汇缺失的情况下，你得到的信息却基本上是完整的，你的阅读理解仍然是成功的。这进一步启发我们去思考，句子到底是如何左右我们的阅读理解的，更具体一点，句子是如何造成我们阅读理解障碍的呢？

因为句子长？见下例

As a long and violent abuse of power is generally the means of calling the right of it in question, (and in matters too which might never have been thought of, had not the sufferers been aggravated into the inquiry,)and as the king of England has undertaken in his own right, to support the parliament in what he calls theirs, and as the good people of this country are grievously oppressed by the combination, they have an undoubted privilege to inquire into the pretensions of both, and equally to reject usurpation of either.

如果你觉得上面句子看不懂原因是在于词汇不认识的话，那么在这里开放权限让大家去查阅每一个你不认识的单词，然后请你再跟周围的人解释一下这个句子传达了什么信息，看看这一次是否会顺畅一些？

如果你觉得上面句子看不懂原因是在于句子太长的话，那么我们先看看下面这个短句子理解起来是不是要轻松些：

That nineteenth-century French novelist Honore de Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in life was an irony duplicated in other matters.

是不是读起来依旧辣嘴巴？

那句子到底是如何造成我们阅读理解的负担甚至障碍的呢？

a. 缺乏句子概念

b. 长句

c. “难”句