I 篇章的构成
1 Introductory paragraphs引言部分：告诉读者文章写什么；吸引读者读下去。它具有信息性（呈现具体问题，表明作者的态度和观点）；围绕主题泛泛而谈，逐步把话题缩小，引到文章要谈论的主题，最后是中心思想句；它还具有趣味性
Ex: As we all know, most of the material things in our daily life have to be bought with money. But money is not all powerful. There are many things which money can not buy, such as time and true love.(attention getter---thesis statement---introductory sentence)
通常,引言段能提供有关背景知识的引导句(introductory remarks)和一个表明文章中心思想的主题句(thesis statement)两部分组成. 前者的目的引起读者的注意; 后者想读者交代该文的主题或写作目的. 引言段也就是主题段.
2引言段的写作方法:
1) 对比法: 多用于作者的观点与人们通常的观点不同甚至相悖. 作者在文章开头提出通常的观点,然后转话锋, 提出自己的不同观点.
2) 背景法: 通过叙述与主题相关的背景材料, 然后引出主题的内容.
Ex: People from Great Britain bought the english language to North America in the 16th and 17th centuries. But during next 300 years, there were so many changes in both places that now people can easily tell an English from an American by the way he or she talks(英式英语和美式英语的来历----他们的现状, 为讲两种英语的区别做了铺垫)
3) 提问法:
Ex: Do you see the glass as half-full rather than half-empty ? Do you keep eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole ? Suddenly these cliches have become scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.
4) 定义法: 如果文章涉及一个新的或不常见的事物, 可以先给这个事物下定义.
EX:A hobby, as I see it, is an activity that takes up most of your spare time and all of your spare money. At least that has been my experience since I became interested in photography.
5) 引经据典法：引用名言警句作为文章的开头。
EX：I agree with the saying that “All work and no play make Jack a dull boy”. For I think that we human beings are different from the machine. We have life, soul and feelings. We can not work all the time, without any form of recreation.
除了上述方法外，还有直叙法，数据法，故事法
3 主体部分：语篇的正文，由一个，几个，十几个或更多的段落组成，各段有自己的小主题，从不同的方面阐述或拓展语篇的主题思想。要注意各段落，语句在结构和内容上的衔接与连贯一致。如果我们将英语语篇的结构及功能跟汉语语篇结构及功能加以类比的话，不难发现，英语语篇的引言部分相当于汉语语篇“启”的部分，而其主体则类似于汉语语篇的“承”，“接”部分，其结论部分自然就等于汉语语篇的“合”的部分。英语语篇的正文部分主要是“承接”引言的主题展开说明，叙述或论证，另外，在必要的时候可以转换角度，从另一个方面来支持语篇的主题。英文语篇的“转”根据主题内容的需要可有可无，可以自成一个段落，也可以用一个语句，一个词组，短语或一个词起到转变话题的作用。
The Value of Time
A proverb says: “Time is money”. But in my opinion, time is even more precious than money. Why ?Because when money is spent, we can earn it back. However, when time is gone, it will never return. This is the reason why we must value time.
It goes without saying that the time at our disposal is usually limited. Hence, even an hour is extremely precious. We should make full use of our time to do useful things. As students we must not relax our efforts to engage in our studies so as to serve society and our nation in the future.
But it is a pity that there are a lot of people who do not know the importance of time. They spend their precious time smoking, drinking and gambling. They do not realize that wasting time is equal to wasting a part of their valuable life.
In a word, we should get into the good habit of saving time. Do not put off what can be done today until tomorrow. Laziness will not only bring us failure but also lead us to the road of poverty.
正文部分大约占全篇的60% 到80%
每段只涉及主题的一个面, 段与段之间要根据前后段的逻辑关系,使用必要的过渡词,过渡句乃至过渡段等启,承,转,合衔接手段, 是整个主体部分自然流畅, 浑然一体.
4结尾部分：它有两个功能：一是总结全篇，使文章完整；二是给读者留下深刻的印象。一般说结论段要与引言段相呼应。下面介绍几种结尾的写作方法
1)A summary repeats the main points of the composition
Eg. Whatever changes responsible for the rise in divorce rate, one thing is certain: there is a significant change in people’s traditional view of marriage and divorce.
2)A prediction discuss what will happen in the future
Eg. With the increasing college population, employment for graduates will become more serious. Among many solutions, having a correct attitude toward it is a very important one.
3)An evaluation compares the main points and states what is best
Eg. We need both individual studies and attending lectures. The former helps sharpen our awareness, and the latter contributes to broadening our minds. The secrets of academic success lie in the combination of both
4)An appeal or warning to the readers
