I 写作构思关键词
1 Story : Four elements: 时间, 地点,人物, 事件 (过去时态为基点)
2 Introduction: 定义后, 加描述。
1) 具体人物: appearance/ personality / attitude toward life and work / social role
一类人物的创作点：工作的性质，特征，环境，社会待遇
2) 实物: appearance (color, shape, material, size ), functions
事物的写点：事物的两面性，人们对该事物的看法
3） 现象与问题：成因，影响，后果，解决办法，建议
4）场所: location, characteristics of culture and history , functions，facilities
公共场所：位置，内外部环境与设施
5）动物: appearance ,habitat, disposition, its relationship with our human beings
6）节日: origin , date, customs, activities
EX: Compose a complete paragraph based on the key word below with ten useful patterns included.
Mid-autumn festival , Pet dog , Ma-yun , China , Neet Group(啃老族)，shared bikes
II 英文段落主题句的写作
I 段落的构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句
段落是文章的基本构成部分, 写好段落是写好文章的第一步。 文章的段落由若干相互有联系的句子组成, 说明一个主题思想, 或从某一角度对文章的主题进行阐述。 然而, 段落不是由一组句子任意砌成。 它具有一定的结构模式和基本特征, 并遵循一定的展开手法。
范文：
Gold , a precious metal, is priced for two important characteristics..//
First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever, for example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. /
Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside spaceships.
In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.
1)主题句(Topic Sentence): 说明段落的中心思想或段落主题的句子, 是段落展开的依据。 它由两部分组成, 即主题(topic)和支配思想(controlling idea)构成。 支配思想规定段落发展的脉络, 限制主题覆盖的范围。主题句起到概括段落中心思想作用, 它往往是一个概括性的句子. 如果太宽, 太笼统, 则超出一段文章的范围, 无法把问题说清楚。 通常在写作时对自己提一个what, who, when, why, how这样的问题。
牢记主题句的三个条件:
A topic sentence is a complete sentence.
Driving on freeways
The importance of communication
How to register for college classes
A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea.
Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness
Gold, a precious metal, is priced for two important characteristics.
Registering for college classes can be a frustrating experience for new students
A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph.
It gives only the main idea. It does not give any specific details.
Eg: The Arabic origin of many English words is not always obvious. (ok)
It is warmer in Guangzhou than in Beijing because Guangzhou is in the south while Beijing is in the north. (too specific)
English is too difficult to learn. (too general)
2) 扩展句(Supporting Sentences): 扩展句对主题句的中心思想进行详细解释,举例说明加以论证。 一般展开句有下列特点 (1)清楚详实, 不可含糊其词或言之无物,必须有强烈的说服力。(2)条理分明, 上句为下句铺平道路, 下句是上句的自然延伸。
They explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and quotations. Some of the supporting sentences that explain the topic sentence about gold are:
First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.
For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago.
Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science.
The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits.
3)结尾句(Concluding Sentence):对文章的内容进行归纳总结。结尾句必须与主题句相呼应。有些段落短，不必有结尾句; 有时主题句在段尾, 主题句就是结尾句。
It means the last sentence has the same meaning as the topic one but not in the same sentence pattern.
In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.
EX: 分析段落的构成
Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in American are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person’s behaviors toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.
Bamboo has many uses. Its tender young shoots can be eaten. Bamboo stems are so strong that they are used to build houses, and even high bridges over rivers. The soft pulp inside bamboo stems can be made into fine paper. In warmer countries, many people have their houses made entirely of bamboo: the walls, the floor, the roof. Nearly everything inside their houses is made of bamboo. …………No wonder people say bamboo is a useful plant.
2 段落的特点
1) 段落的整体性或一致性(Unity):一段文章只能讨论一个中心思想, 文章中所有的细节都要与主题相关, 利于说明这个中心思想. Unity means that you discuss only one main idea in a paragraph. The main idea is stated in the topic sentence, and then each supporting sentence develops that idea.
2) 连贯性( Coherence) : 各句子的安排必须符合一定的顺序和条理: 句子与句子之间衔接要紧密, 过度要流畅。
可以通过两种手段来实现 (1) 内容的安排方法-----按一定的逻辑顺序(时间/ 空间/ 一般与具体/ 重要与非重要)。所谓的一般与具体的顺序主要是指段落的整体框架。通常, 主题句在段首的段落按“一般到具体”, 即演绎顺序写成; 主题句在段尾,则是按“具体到一般”,即归纳顺序写成。 重要与非重要的顺序是针对段落内部细节排列次序而言。 从非重要到重要的顺序是重要性递增; 从重要到非重要是重要性递减.
(2) 使用过渡性词语------句与句之间使用适当的过渡性词语, 起“启, 承, 转, 合”的作用。引导读者全面了解句子间的逻辑, 准确地理解段落的思想。
Coherence means that your paragraph is easy to read and understand because your supporting sentences are in logical order and your ideas are connected by the use of appropriate transition signals.
3 段落的展开手法
1）定义法 (what )sth is a kind of place where/ in which +sv (object) which / prep.+which + sv // (person) who
A Mobile phone is a kind of communication tool with/ by which people contact with each other.
The KFC’s
(1) KFC is a kind of fast food which can bring convenience for people and save time.
(2) Library is a kind of place in which people can read many books.
(3) Chopsticks is a kind of traditional tableware with which Asia’s people use
(4) Dog is a kind of domestic/ raised-at-home animal which can become goodfriends of human.
(5) Sofa is a kind of furniture which is on best sales (sold best)in market.
(6) Bowling.is.a.kind.of.sports.by which.people.keep.fit
(7) Dollar is a kind of money (currency)with which people can buy something that they like.
2）描述法(how)
3) 因果法(why)
4)事例法(what facts / examples)
4 段落的构思(outline)
方面/角度------层次-----点
1主题句: 找出关键词
2 拟提纲: 中英文短语形式
3自圆其说: 运用句型结构
Computer makes our life colorful.1学习资料 2上网冲浪3 网上购物
Dog is our human being’s friend. 1看家 2狗来富 3忠心 4警用
English is important in China. 升学-就业-沟通-晋级
Failure is the mother of success. 1 吸取教训 2展望未来
There are more and more private cars in China.
Buyer / manufacturer / car itself 生活水平—购买力 观念改变 价格 方便
