由于英语同汉语在句法结构与造句规则上各有特点,两者的差异显而易见。英语注重形合,其连接手段丰富多彩。一方面可以利用介词短语,不定式,分词短语以及各种并列结构,组成很长的简单句,另一方面还可以使用相应的连接词或关系词,将适当的分句或小句组成更长的复合句和复杂句;从句之中套着分句,分句中又包含从句,形成环扣相连,层次叠出的长句结构。这种句在科技文体,论述文体中常见。在翻译英语长句时,必须吃透原文意思的基础上,采取灵活的变通手段,按照汉语的造句常规,重新加以组合,贴切地再现原文意义。
一、 顺译法:又称顺序法。有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本按照动作发生的时间先后安排,有些长句的内容是按照逻辑关系安排,这与汉语的表达习惯一致,基本可以按照原文语序依次译出,无须做太大的调整变通。
1. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patient do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risking destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.
研究结果表明,大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道他们的病情。如果告知实情,则有可能使他们完全失去希望,从而使他们恢复得更慢,或恶化得更快,甚至自寻短见。
2. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and if only he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
总的来说,得出这样的结论是有一定的把握的,但必须具备两个条件:能够认定这个孩子对待测试的态度和其他与之相比的小孩态度一样;这个孩子不曾因为缺乏其他小孩所具备的有关知识而受到过惩罚。
二、 逆译法:又称变序译法。英语长句的特点是重点内容在前,次要内容在后。而汉语表达恰恰相反。因此,在翻译这些长句时,先译出全句的后一部分,然后再依次向前翻译。
1. Such is the human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
许多人常常宁愿放弃较高的工资以换取白领工人的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。
2. Does it really help society, or the victim, or the victim's family, to put in jail a man, who drove a car while drunk, has injured or killed another person?
一个人酒醉后开车,压死或压伤了另一个人,就将这个人关进监狱,这样做对社会,受害者或受害者家庭是否真的有好处呢?
三、 分译法:有些英语长句结构复杂,包含多层意思,但其主句与从句或主句与修饰词的关系并不密切,翻译时,就应该在理解的基础上不拘泥于原文的形式,大胆地拆开原文的结构,将从句修饰语译成几个独立的短句。
The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.
在一次记者招待会上,问题集中在昨天的选举结果,总统就此发了言。他说他不能解释为什么共和党遭到了如此惨重的失败。这种情形最终会使共和党失去在众议会中长期享有的优势。
四 、综合译法:有些英语长句顺译或逆译都感不便,分译也有困难。这时就应考虑打乱原文的顺序,把原文分成若干语言单位,依照汉语的表达习惯,或按时间顺序,逻辑顺序,有顺有逆,有主有次的对全句进行综合处理。
1. English is a language in which some of important works in science, technology and other fields are being produced, not always by native speakers, besides serving the needs of its native speakers.
除了服务于说本族语者的需要外,英语也是科学,技术和其他领域一些重要著作编纂时所使用的语言,这些著作并非总是由以英语为母语的人所编纂。
2. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which compel them to the separation.
中译文版本1:在人类事物的发展过程中,有时一个民族必须解除它和另一个民族之间政治联系,必须争取自然法则和上帝所赋予它的权利,以使自己在世界各国中享有独立与平等的地位。此时,出于对人类舆论的真正尊重,这个民族必须把他们不得不寻求独立的原因公诸于众。
中译文版本2:在人类事务发展的过程中,当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系,并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意,以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时,出于对人类舆论的尊重,必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。

