汉译英句译技巧
1、 断句译法：将汉语句子断开，译成两个或几个英语句子。
1）从主语变换处断句
Eg. 最近，在我们学校里，每3个申请人中，我们只能录取1个，而在三年前，是2:1。
At my college these days, we have three applicants for every one we can admit. Just three years ago, it was two to one.
2) 从关联词（如转折）断句
Eg. 我感冒了， 或者是因为天气太冷了吧！
I have a cold. Possibly because of the cold weather!
3) 从意义完整处断句
Eg. 中国改革开放已经几十年，虽然也有一些困难，但成就是有目共睹的。
Several years has passed since China adopted the reform and open-up policy. Though there are some difficulties, the achievements are obvious to all.
4) 原文出现总说或分述时断句
Eg. 雅思考试是一项综合英语考试：它有听、说、读、写四个独立的部分组成。
IELTS is a comprehensive test. It consists of four independent sections: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Eg. 我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一， 有关的政策，也是众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入全中华民族的心坎。
We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory. Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change. The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation.
2、 合句译法：将几个内容关系密切的汉语句合并为一个英语句。汉语的一个特点是叙事时习惯用短句逐点交待，层层铺开。英语通常用各种从句将各部分连接起来，构成复杂句。翻译时，可以译成一个英语主从句，也可以合译为成分较为复杂的简单句。
1）在关联词处合译
Eg. 每去一次，我的药量就减少一些，最后医生告诉我说，不必再服药了。
With each visit, the dose of medicine prescribed to me would be progressively reduced until the time came when the doctor said that I would no longer need them.
2）在内容连接处合译
Eg. 老年人有长处，但也有很大的弱点，老年人容易固执，因此老年人也要有点自觉性。
Old people have strengths but also great weakness — they tend to be stubborn, for example — and they should be aware of that.
3) 从主语转换处合译
Eg. 不注意眼睛休息，长时间近距离用眼或长期的不正确姿势，会使人眼处于视疲劳状态，进而形成近视。
If they are used for a long time without a rest, being kept close to the object or with your body in an improper posture, your eyes will be in a state of visual fatigue which will gradually lead to near-sightedness.
e.g. 这个年轻人相貌普通， 竟有一个大房子，还有一辆好车， 这真是令人难以置信。
It is incredible that the ordinary looking young man had a big house in addition to a luxury car.
3、 转句译法：在翻译复句过程中对句式及举证成分之间的关系进行转换。
Eg. 任何一个人，如果不努力学习新东西， 都会为时代所淘汰。
Any person who fails to master new things will be left behind the times.
e.g. 每天下午四五点钟喝上一杯茶，吃一点点心，相互之间再闲聊几句。这种情景在英国到处可见。
There is a scene to be witnessed everywhere in England at four or five p.m. when people enjoy a cup of tea, with snack and a bit of conversation.
4 换序译法：汉语是分析型的语言，语序较固定；英语是分析，综合参半的语言。汉译英时，必须考虑英语读者的思维习惯。
1）定语的换序
a) 如果一个中心词有几个定语修饰，汉语顺序：时间、地点----所有格----指示性形容词或数量词----限制性----性质或类属。英语的顺序：限定词----大小、长短、高低----形状---年龄、新旧---颜色---国籍、地区、出处
b) 尽量将定语与中心词靠近。
Eg 那位美国作家下星期要来我们大学访问并作系列讲座，他曾获诺贝尔文学奖。
The American professor , who won the Nobel Prize for literature, is coming to visit our university and gives a series of lectures next week.
2) 状语的语序
a) 汉语中的副词修饰形容词、代词、数词、连词、介词短语及另一副词时，英译时，一般词序不变。但在“得”字结构中需要将“得”字后的副词提到形容词或副词之前。
Eg. 这是一个十分有趣的故事。
This is a fairly interesting story.
b) 汉语句子中的副词修饰动词，位置在前，英译时要置后。
c) 汉语中表示频率及不确定时间概念的副词，如：常常、从不、偶尔等一般在动词前，英译时要放在行为动词前，但如果有系动词，情态动词，要放在这些词后。
e.g. 这个学生学习不太努力。
The student didn't work hard enough.
d) 在一系列表时间或地点状语使用时，汉语的习惯是从大到小，从宽到窄，由远及近；而英语正好相反。
Eg. 今天下午3点到4点新生将在语音室学习 。
The freshmen will study at the language lab from 3 to 4 this afternoon.
e) 较长状语根据实际情况调整状语语序。
Eg 很多人都非常满足于接受别人的意见，而自己懒得去思考问题。
Many people are all too satisfied to take the opinions of others without the pain of thought for themselves.
f) 某些句子可以倒装处理。
Eg. 在任何情况下我们都不应该放弃。
Under no circumstance shall we give up.
3) 状语与主语的换序：英语可以用时间、地点做主语，用see, witness, find 作谓语，英译时可采用这种句式。
Eg. 众所周知，中国在2003年第一次成功地发射了载人飞船。
As is known to all, 2003 saw the successfully launching of China's first manned space flight.
4) 表语与主语的换序。
Eg. 对于学生来说， 我们的主要任务是学习，积累知识。
For us student, our main task is to study and accumulate knowledge.
5) 叙事与表态的先后顺序转换：汉语一般是叙事在先，评述在后，英语正好相反。
e.g. 驾车经过这一地区，真是太危险了。
It is dangerous to drive through this area.
5. 缩句译法：汉语中，词语重复现象比较普遍，省略或省去原文中的某一部分或重复部分，或者将两个重复的词抽取出来，合译成一个英语词汇或词组。缩句译法的总原则是：原文中一些词不翻译，因为译文中虽无其词但已有其意，或者因为该词词义在译文中不言而喻。
1）避免重复，只使用一次该动词或名词。
Eg. 增加智力投资的问题必须解决。 中国问题解决得如何，是关系到提高全民族科学文化素质的大问题。如果中国问题解决了，那么其他问题也就解决好了。
Intellectual investment should be increased. We must solve this essential problem, which concerns the raise of the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation. Effective solution to this problem is the key to solving others as well.
汉语中不少的虚词："就、又、还、都" 以及一些名词，如："情况、观点、面貌、事业"等，都可以缩略不译。
eg. 他的同学听到他家里的困难情况后都主动伸出援助之手。
After his classmates heard about his family difficulties, they offered him a hand.
e.g. 我不是在算命，我只是觉得这么做后果不妙。
I am not a fortune teller, but I only think the worst of the problem is behind us.
2) 将汉语的肯定形式译成英语的否定形式。
Eg. 说了就做 。
No sooner said than done.
e.g. 这个女人只有美丽。
The woman has nothing but beauty.
e.g. 恐怕这些研究工作是白做了。
I am afraid that research work is done for nothing.
6. 被动结构的翻译
1) 有形式标记的被动句：句子有 "被，受，遭， 给，让，叫，加以，为...所，把"等词时，用被动句。
e.g. 我们的计划给打乱了。
Our plan has been upset.
2 )无形式标记的被动句：译成被动结构。
e.g. 来宾要求出示入场券。
Visitors are required to show their tickets.
3) 汉语主动句转化为英语被动句。
e.g. 明年将出版更多的书籍。
A great number of books will be published next year.
4) 无主句 。
e.g. 必须尊重知识，尊重人才。
Knowledge and trained personnel must be valued.
5) 泛指和传闻句：含有“ 据说，大家，人们"等词时，译为被动句的相关句型。
e.g. 人们认为，这条铁路将于明年十月竣工。
It is believed that the railway line will have been completed by October.
发布作业 4.8 句译技巧练习 4.8 被动句翻译练习
