汉译英 C-E translation
Some problems to be paid attention to when translating from Chinese to English
I. A deep understanding of Chinese — do not focus on literal meaning
The difficulty in translating from Chinese to English lies in expression, because Chinese is our mother tongue and easy to understand. However, in fact, many Chinese words bear latent information：some have deep meaning, some have hidden meaning, and some have metaphorical meaning.
The first problem to solve in Chinese-English translation is word choice. Whether the choice of words is appropriate depends on the understanding of the original text and the level of mastery of English. We must clarify the information that Chinese vocabulary bears. Don't translate automatically.
汉译英时需要注意的几个问题
一、深刻理解汉语，切忌望文生义
汉译英的困难之处在于表达，因为汉语是我们的母语，容易理解。但实际上，汉语的许多词汇所承担的信息都具有潜在性，有的有深层的含义，有的有言外之意，有的有比喻之意。汉译英首先解决的就是选词。选词是否恰当，取决于对原文的理解和对英语的掌握水平。一定要理清汉语词汇要承担的信息。不要机械地对等翻译。
1. 深刻理解汉语，避免逐字死译
e.g. 年轻人代表着希望。
我的专业是计算机科学。
冬天来了，昼日变短了。
他认为， 有了钱， 就应该大吃大喝。
班上的好人好事应该受到表扬。
2. 根据上下文，注意选词的广义，狭义，褒贬，政治分寸和搭配
例如：精神文明
II、Pay attention to the cultural differences between Chinese and English
Each nation has its own culture, which is formed in the specific natural environment, historical conditions, geographical position and social reality and has its particularity. Different languages have their own cultural connotations. Some translations are grammatically correct, but the target readers cannot understand them because they do not conform to target language expressions.
注意汉语与英语的文化差异
每个民族都有自己的文化，这种文化是在特定的自然环境，历史条件地理位置和社会现实中形成，有其特殊性。不同的语言文字有其自身的文化内涵。有的译文，从语法的角度看没问题，但外国人看不懂，毛病是不符合英语的表达习惯。
如：had better 中文是“最好”，听上去很婉转和客气， 是一种建议，但对上级，长辈，老师，父母用这个英文词组就不妥。
又如：对胖乎乎的孩子不用 fat 而是用cute；对丰满的女性不用fat用plump。 因为在英语中fat是贬义词。
英美人喜欢狗，英语中有a lucky dog这一表达（幸运儿）。在我国，狗一向是看做卑贱可恶的动物，有“丧家犬， 落水狗”。如果把他们译成 “a homeless dog, a dog in the water”, 则不仅不能传达汉语的贬义，反而引起英美人的同情。 所以在翻译这些形象语言时， 要忠于汉语表达习惯的不同，舍弃原文形象，而只译其意。
Ex：如鱼得水 ；水中捞月；挥金如土； 画蛇添足； 棋逢对手； 挂羊头卖狗肉； 吹牛brag/ boast of ； 胆小如鼠； 山中无老虎，猴子充霸王。
III、Analyze the text grammatically
Chinese grammar is implicit隐性, while English grammar is explicit显性, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1) Except for limited suffixes (子, 员, etc.) and auxiliary words (的, 地，得), there are no formal形式上的 symbols to indicate parts of speech in Chinese. Such as: 深入调查， 政策深入人心 . The word "深入" itself does not have any mark to indicate the part of speech, which can only be identified from the context, from the relationship between it and other symbols.
2) There is no formal change in the subject主格 and object宾格 of Chinese nouns and pronouns.
3) The subject-predicate of Chinese sentences only requires semantic agreement, without formal echo. The syntactic representation of Chinese is also different from that of English. Chinese attaches great importance to parataxis意合 (logical relations within sentences) while English attaches great importance to hypotaxis 形合 (grammatical devices of the language itself).
A sentence in Chinese can be composed of several short sentences, which only need the connection in meaning, without the adhesion in form. In contrast, English sentences often require the use of relative pronouns or relative adverbs to link sentence elements into a unity of meaning and form.
从语法上仔细分析原文
汉语语法呈隐含性，英语语法呈外显性，主要体现在下列几方面:
1）汉语中除有限的后缀（子， 员等）和助词（的，地，得）外，不存在标明词类的形式符号。如：深入地调查， 政策深入人心。“深入”一词本身没有任何标记表示词类，其词类只能从语境， 从它与其他符号之间的关系才能识别。
2）汉语名词和代词的主格和宾格没有形式变化。
3）汉语句子的主谓只要求在语义上的一致，无需再形式上呼应。汉语的句法表现方式也不同于英语。 汉语注重意合（句子内部逻辑关系），英语重形合（语言本身语法手段）。汉语一个句子可以可由几个短句组成，它们之间只要意义上的联系，无需形式上的粘连； 对比之下，英语句子往往要求用关系代词或关系副词将句子成分连成一个意义与形式统一的整体。
例如：只有四婶，因为后来雇用的女工，大抵非懒而馋，或者馋而且懒，左右不如意，所以也还提起祥林嫂。（翻译时断成两句英语）
My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xiang-lin's wife. This was because most of the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or both, none of them giving satisfaction.
若按汉语的句法关系原封不动地翻译，会让读者感到莫名其妙。
Only my aunt, because the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or both, none of them satisfied her, still spoke of Xiang-lin’s wife.
