Organizing for global logistics
General principles: (centralized vs. localized)
1. the overall control of logistics flow must be centralized.
2. The management of customer service must be localized.
3. Outsourcing everything except core competencies.
4. global logistics information system is the pre-requisite.
(1)Structure and Control
• It is essential that a central decision-making structure for logistics is established. 智库
• Many companies are constrained in their search for global optimization by strongly entrenched local systems and structures. 地方保护
• Only through centralized planning and co-ordination of logistics, the organization can achieve the goals of cost minimization and service maximization. 成本和服务优化
结构和控制
• 要实现合理化的采购、生产与跨国界配送之间潜在的权衡,建立一个物流中央决策组织机构十分必要。
• 许多活跃在国际舞台上的企业发现,当它们在寻求全球最优化的过程中,各地方的管理系统和贸易结构形成了一种对当地的保护措施,严重限制了企业在该地的发展。
• 要想实现成本的最低化和服务的最优化这双重目标,企业只有通过集中控制计划和组织协调物流才能使这个希望成为可能。
(2)Customer Service Management
• Local markets have their own specific characteristics and needs. 地方市场的特点
• This is true where the opportunities for tailoring service against individual customer requirements are great. 定制化需求
• The management of customer service involves the monitoring of service needs as well as performance and extends to the management of the entire order fulfillment. 本土化客服管理
客户服务管理
各地方的市场都会有它特定的性质和需求,于是在遵循总体国际化方针的前提下制定不同的本土化市场战略,仍然可以形成相当强的竞争优势。
尤其在顾客服务管理活动中,当需要根据客户的需求而为其量身提供服务时,按照上述方针则竞争优势会更为明显。
客户服务管理包括对服务需求和绩效的监控,并扩展到整个订单履行的管理。虽然订单履行系统变得更国际化,其管理更集中化,但是仍需要极高的本土化客户服务管理。
(3)Out-sourcing and Partnerships
• One of the greatest changes in the global business is the trend towards out-sourcing.
• The logic of this trend is: the organization will increasingly focus on those activities in the value chain where it has a distinctive advantage and everything else it will out-source.
• This movement has been particularly evident in logistics where the provision of transport, warehousing and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to.
外包和合作
就像我们先前注意到的那样,在全球商业中,如今变化最大的就是企业外包的现象越来越多
不仅仅是外包原材料和零配件的采购,还外包一些原本只由企业内部提供的服务。
这个趋势表明,企业把重心越来越多地放在价值链上对自身有显著优势的运作活即企业的核心竞争力,而其他的一切全都外包出去。
这种变化在物流中已经非常明显,企业逐渐把运输、仓储和库存的控制分包给了更专业的物流服务公司或物流合作者。
(4)Logistics Information
• The management of global logistics is in reality the management of information flows.
• The information system is the mechanism whereby the complex flows of materials, parts, subassemblies and finished products can be coordinated.
• Any organization with aspirations to global leadership is dependent upon the visibility it can gain of materials flows, inventories and demand.
物流信息
国际物流管理的实质上是对信息流的管理。
有效的信息系统应该有这样一种机制,即通过对原材料、零件、部件和成品复杂的实物流动进行调整,以提供成本收益比值最合理的服务。
任何一家企业想要达到国际领先的地位,都要依赖于其信息的高度透明化,这些信息包括原材料的流动状况、库存水平和需求水平。
若缺少从供应链开端到最终用户的透视能力,又不能实时获取真实需求的数据,进而无法及时管理补货,那么整个物流系统毫无疑问将依赖于库存,用库存做缓冲。
全球化协调和本土化管理


