Race and gender
Pattern of exclusion
“Female advantage”
Japanese organizations
Value cooperation
Organizational loyalty
Changing nature of work
Information-based organizations
Creative autonomy, competitive work teams, flatter organization, and greater flexibility
McDonaldization of Society
Efficiency: Do it quickly
Predictability: Use set formulas
Uniformity: Leave nothing to chance
Control: Humans are most unreliable factor
Each principle limits human creativity, choice, and freedom
Weber: Rational systems are efficient but dehumanizing
McDonaldization is a term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (1993). He explains it occurs when a culture possesses the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant.
Future of Organizations: Opposing Trends
Movement toward more creative freedom for highly skilled information workers
Movement toward increased supervision & discipline for less skilled service workers

