IGS地址：

韩国： ftp://nfs.kasi.re.kr

美国： ftp://garner.ucsd.edu

法国： ftp://itrf.ensg.ign.fr/

瑞士： ftp://ftp.aiub.unibe.ch/

中国： ntrip.gnsslab.cn

IGS  ：ftp.igs.org

UNAVCO ： http://www.unavco.org/

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https://www.blackdotgnss.com/2018/11/07/igs-workshop-2018/

IGS Workshop 2018

The IGS Workshop 2018 was held from 29 October to 2 November in Wuhan, China. One of the focus of the workshop was to align efforts towards incorporating multi-GNSS products into the standard line of IGS products. As a bonus, we might even see products enabling PPP with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) in a not-so-distant future!

Towards multi-GNSS

While several analysis centers are contributing products to the MGEX working group, ingesting these multi-GNSS products into the standard IGS product line is taking a long time. Since it is known that multi-GNSS data processing leads to improved geometry and faster PPP convergence, why is there such a delay? The main reason seems to be related to issues with antenna calibrations. First, for ground antennas, the standard procedure is to use robot calibrations, typically provided by Geo++. However, with Geo++ only providing GPS and GLONASS L1/L2 calibrations, a bottleneck has been created in the calibration process. Anechoic chamber calibrations, although accepted within the IGS, can have discrepancies of a few millimeters with respect to robot calibrations. As a consequence, agencies such as ETF Zurich, Wuhan University and NGS have acquired robots and have started calibrating antennas for multi-GNSS and multi-frequency antennas. Without such calibrations, a multi-GNSS solution will be corrupted by phase-center errors and will never reach the level of accuracy as GPS+GLONASS solutions. So, even though a multi-GNSS solution might converge faster to cm-level accuracies, it is not acceptable for the IGS to adopt a multi-GNSS solution with such outstanding issues.

Another antenna issue originates from the Galileo satellite phase-center offset/variation values provided by GSA last year. Obtaining such metadata directly from the satellite manufacturer was extremely valuable, but using these values leads to scale incompatibilities with the ITRF scale adopted for GPS. Various approaches for dealing with this issue were discussed and a solution would need to be adopted before the next repro3 campaign planned for 2019.

Biases

Yoaz Bar-Sever from JPL made a very interesting presentation on FlexPower, a sporadic technique used by GPS operators consisting of increasing signal power to prevent jamming. When FlexPower is activated, code-bias variations can be observed, reaching up to about 30 centimeters. A bimodal mode (i.e., either on or off) for FlexPower could be detected by JPL, leading to sudden jumps in the satellite DCBs. This effect can have potential consequences for PPP-AR, when the assumption is made that code biases (either DCBs or widelane biases) are constant over a day. These events are a reminder that the decoupled-clock model used by NRCan, modelling code biases as clock-like white-noise parameters, is a robust approach to this kind of unpredictable fluctuations.

Jean-Marie Sleewaegen of Septentrio analyzed satellite biases between the data (I) and pilot (Q) signals, finding centimeter to decimeter-level biases for most systems, except Galileo which had negligible biases. Quantifying the biases for receivers providing the mixed (‘X’) signals is more complex since it is dependent on the tracking algorithm implemented within the receiver and could differ among manufacturers. Fortunately, no carrier-phase biases could be detected between the data and pilot signals.

PPP-AR

A lot happened with respect to PPP-AR during this workshop. First, CNES announced that Galileo integer clocks and widelane biases (from the E1/E5a signals) are available in their MGEX products (grm) since GPS week 2022.

CODE has also implemented undifferenced ambiguity resolution in their Bernese software. As a result, their satellite clock estimates have been significantly improved since GPS week 2004. While the satellite phase biases computed by CODE are still not being made available to the general public, it is CODE’s plan to release these biases in the near future.

Similarly, the GNSS Research Center of Wuhan University computed a repro campaign from 2006-2016, thereby generating uncalibrated phase delays (UPDs) for GPS. They also aligned their biases from day to day, leading to a long time series of continuous phase biases, which should be made available before 2019.

While I usually restrain from blowing my own horn during conference summaries, I think it is well deserved this time: NRCan proposed the creation of a new IGS working group on PPP-AR which has been accepted at the governing board meeting on Friday. With at least four analysis centers now generating PPP-AR products (CNES, NRCan, CODE and Wuhan), the timing is right for the IGS to analyze the inter-operability of these products and, if possible, to consider combining them. It is then my job as the working group chair to coordinate the work of the analysis centers involved and enable PPP-AR using combined IGS clock/bias products.

The Future of GNSS Positioning

With the workshop being held in China, we had two very interesting keynote presentations on the performance and future of the BeiDou system. An interesting characteristic of the current BeiDou-3 constellation is the inter-satellite links, allowing not only communication between MEO satellites, but also accurate ranging capabilities. This feature allows for an accurate real-time orbit determination using only ground stations located in China!

But the most fascinating part is the future of BeiDou: the existing GEO, MEO and IGSO satellites could be complemented with hundreds of LEO satellites. These satellites would have GNSS-like ranging signals and, with the rapid change in geometry, would allow for centimeter-level positioning within seconds. With a first test satellite launched on September 29th 2018, we can only believe the seriousness of this idea. One presenter also went as far as to suggest that BeiDou-4 would also include underwater positioning capabilities… that is an ambitious proposal, but I would be glad to see it happen. The future of positioning is bright indeed!

PY01 - Analysis Centers and Reference Frames - Thomas Herring, Paul Rebischung, Michael Moore

GS Workshop 2017

PY00 - Opening - Zuheir Altamimi

Proceedings of IONGNSS+ 2019

September 16–20, 2019

Miami, Florida 

Acknowledgements

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