（大一新生英语学习适应性指导）

              【《综合英语（一）》大串讲】 

课程学习要点分析与考核内容详解

 

一、课程介绍

    《综合英语（一）》这门课属于英语专业核心课程，教材中出现的每个语言知识点都很重要，单词也是常用的英语专业四级词汇，都值得我们花很多时间与精力去反复记忆。教材学习扎实后，应勤加练习，巩固所学知识，从根本上提高英语综合运用能力。串讲的用意是带领大家做一次简要的general review，让大家对课程学习要点与考核内容能有基本的认识。请记住，语言学习本来就是一个快乐却艰苦的过程，只有一步一个脚印、脚踏实地地努力付出，才可能逐渐进步。As the sayings go, Rome was not built in one day and gains come after pains. 

 

二、 重点部分知识讲解：

 1、词汇　

（1）《综合英语（一）》认知词汇4500～5000，熟练掌握其中2500左右最常用的搭配和短语，并正确使用它们。　

（2）了解和掌握各种词性的变化规则，掌握英语的基本构词规则，并在阅读时能根据所学的规则猜出从学过的词派生出来的常用词。

 

2、词性汇总

                  Part of speech （词性）

●Noun (n.)                            E.g. apple, egg, fish, etc.

●Pronoun (pron.)                 E.g. it, he, she, etc.

●Adjective (adj.)                  E.g. good, bad, handsome, friendly, etc.

●Adverb (adv.).                    E.g. quickly, happily etc.

●Verb (v.)                             E.g. go, come, do, etc.

●Preposition (prep.)            E.g. to, with, in,etc.

● Conjunction (conj.)          E.g. and, or, but, etc.

● Interjection (interj.)        E.g. oh, God, Well, etc.

● Article (art.)                     E.g. a, an, the, etc.

●Numeral (num.)                E.g. one, etc. 

 

（1）  名词：

① 大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如： army ，audience ， class ， committee ，crew ( 全体船员，乘务员 ) ， crowd ，faculty ， family ， government ，group ， orchestra ， team ，union 等。强调整体时谓语动词用单数，强调个体时谓语动词用复数。

例如： The government is paying close attention to economic development.                                         The government are having  a heated discussion on this matter

 

② 有些名词形式为复数，却用作单数，如 :electronics( 电子学) ， mathematics( 数学 ) ，optics( 光学 ) ， politics ，statistics( 统计学 )，economics （经济学）, physics 等。

例如：Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.

 

③ 名词作定语时，除了man和woman要和中心词一起变成复数之外，其它修饰词不能变成复数。例如：

a woman teacher ---- two women teachers

a man doctor---- two men doctors

a girl student---- five girl students

a boy student----six boy students

 

④ “of+抽象名词” 相当于形容词，例如：                                                    

 of interest----interesting；   of importance---important ；  of value---valuable；           

 of necessity---necessary； of possibility---possible； of no value---valueless

 

（2）形容词和副词

　以下情况形容词常用于后置定语 :                                    
① 一些表语性形容词要后置，

如：present (到场的，出席的）， available ，involved ， concerned ， etc 。                                   

 ② 形容词修饰不定代词 something ，anything ， everything 时要后置。例如 : 

There was something wrong with her.                         
I came across a tricky question hard to answer.
I wondered if there was a room available.

☆ 注意enough的位置：enough 修饰名词时放在名词前后均可，修饰形容词或副词时要放在后面。如：enough water /water enough； careful enough/ well enough

 

③ 形容词和副词的原级比较由 “as + 形容词或副词原级( 或后跟名词或短语 )+as” 构成， “as…as” 前可加not ， just ， almost ，nearly ， quite ， twice ，several times 等词修饰。否定式中 not 后面的 as 可改为so 。例如：

He is as tall as I.   He is not as/as careful as his brother

 

④ 形容词与副词的比较级形式为 :“ 形容词( 副词 ) 比较级 +than+…” ，应注意than 前后相比较的人或物要一致（否则没有可比性）。比较级前可以跟 even ，much ， still , far, a lot 等副词修饰比较级，表示强调。例如：

You voice is more beautiful than your classmates’/that of your classmates. 

The population in China is much larger than that in America.                                              

The values of the young differ from those of their elders.                                                                      

⑤ 不可数名词或名词单数，后面用that代替，可数名词复数后面用those代替。

形容词与副词的最高级的形式分别为 :“the+ 形容词最高级+ 名词十范围表达 ” 和 “ 副词最高级十名词+ 范围表达 ” ，副词的比较级和最高级不需要加 the 。例如：

We are the happiest when staying with friends.

I carried out the task more successfully than he had expected.

☆ Most 有时并不都是最高级形式，相当于very，该用法比较正式。如：

It is a most touching film. 这是一部非常感人的电影。

They shall most certainly come. 他们很可能回来。

 

3、时态

Tenses（时态汇总）

● the past tense一般过去时: did

● the past progressive/continuous Tense过去进行时: was/were doing

● the past perfect tense过去完成时: had done

● the past perfect progressive/continuous tense过去完成进行时: had been doing

● the past future tense一般过去将来时: would do

● the past future perfect tense过去将来完成时: would have done

● the past future progressive/continuous tense过去将来进行时: would be doing

● the past future perfect progressive/continuoustense过去将来完成进行时: would have been doing

● the present tense一般现在时:    do/does

● the present progressive/continuous tense现在进行时: be doing

● the present perfect tense现在完成时: have/has done

● the present perfect progressive/continuous tense现在完成进行时: have/has been doing

● the future tense一般将来时: will do

● the future progressive/continuous tense将来进行时: will be doing

● the future perfect tense将来完成时: will have done

● the future perfect progressive/continuous tense将来完成进行时: will have been doing

4、语态

（1）主动形式表示被动含义：

①  need /require /want /deserve doing= need /require /want /deserve to be done

②  smell /sound /taste /feel /prove +adj.

    The story proved quite false.     The flowers smell sweet.

③  Can’t, won’t…+vi. (move, lock, open,…)

   The door won’t shut.

④ read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, wear…+adv. (well, easily….)

下面请看几个例子：

This kind of rice cooks more quickly.

The cloth washes easily.

His blue jeans have worn thin

还要注意一些主动形式表示被动含义的短语：

be to blame: be responsible for

don’t know who is to blame.

sink in: be understood

come out: be published

 

（2）重点短语：have /has sth. done                           

该短语有三个意思：                                                     
① 请／让某人做某事                                                                   

I will have my haircut tomorrow.    He has just had his bicycle repaired.

② 某物遭受到某一消极动作                                               

He had his finger burnt yesterday.      He had his facecut when he was shaving his face.

③ 主语自己做某事   

 We’ll have all the dishes cleared away before seven p.m. every day.

 

（3）此外，还要注意介词的使用：被动形式有时by要被其它介词代替  

be known to sb.；be popular with/among sb.；be covered with sth.；

be engaged to sb.；be married to sb.

 

（4）接不带to的不定式做宾补的词改成被动时要加to.

 常用的动词有（十个半动词）

一感 feel；二听 listen to /hear；三让 make /let /have；四看 watch /see /look at /notice；

半帮助 help (即可用to也可不用）

Did anyone see Tom enter the  room? →Was Tom seen to enter the room?

The teacher makes us do a lot of homework. → we are made to do a lot of homework by the teacher.

 

5、从句，这里主要讲解一下定语从句和时间状语从句

（1）定语从句

注意关系代词that的使用

① 先行词为all everything  nothing something  anything little much 等不定代词时用that

e.g. A hobby can be almost anything that a person likes to do in his spare time.

       A  hobby is something that...

 ② 先行词被all every no  some  any little  much 修饰时用that

e.g. I’ve read all the books that you gave me.

 ③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时用that

e.g. This is the first composition that he has written in English.

       This is the best novel that I have ever read.

 ④ 先行词被the only  the very   the same  the last 修饰时用that

e.g. The last place that we visited wasthe chemical works.

       The white flowers is the only one that I really like.

       This is the very book that I want to find.

 ⑤ 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人或物的先行词时用that

e.g. He talked about the teachers and school that he had visited.

 ⑥ 当主句是who或which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句要用that

e.g. Who is the person that is standingat the gate?

       Which of us that know something about physics does not know this?

 ⑦ 关系代词除连接句子外，一般在从句中做主语，宾语或定语

由关系副词引导的定语从句，能引导定语从句的关系副词有：

  when=in which, on which, at which；  where=in which, at which, on which；

  why=for which

e.g. That is the reason why I did it.

      The school where I’m studying is a key school.

      The time has come when ordinary people can use computer.

 ⑧ 带介词的定语从句

 引导定语从句的关系代词可以作介词的宾语，形成带介词的定语从句。这种结构有两种：

从句由“介词+which”（表示事和物）

从句由“介词+which”（表示人）

e.g. The man to/with whom he is talking is a teacher.

       The school in/at which I am studying is a key school.

⑨ 非限定性定语从句

(i). 当指物时，不能用that只能用which

(ii). which有时用来指整个句子或句子的一部分。

e.g. He died suddenly, which made her verysad.

 he said last night he went to sleep with his clothes on, which was very uncomfortable.

☆关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如：the same … as , such … as…

The film is the same as we have expected.

⑩ 关系词在句中做定语 – whose

应该熟悉关系词做定语时的各种变体。
the office whose windows are broken

the office the windows of which arebroken

★注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用

如果用when, where 或why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语,否则的话则应该用which / that等。例如：

 I will never forget the days  ________   I spent with my friends in thecountry.

 

（2）时间状语从句

①  表示“一……就……”的连词：once, as soon as,barely /hardly /scarcely…when, no sooner…than, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly,instantly

其他表示时间的短语还有：every time, next time, the day 等。

 

②  一些表时间的副词和短语也可引导状语从句．

As, when, while 虽然都表示时间，但是有区别的．As 多用于口语，强调“同一时间”或“一先一后”．

例 1：As I was going out,it began to rain.

(as强调两个动作紧接着发生）

例 2：As spring warms the good earth, all flowers begin to bloom.（在这里是“伴随”的意思）

 

③ When强调特定时间

例：When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell rang.

 

④ While也表示同一时间，但表示的不是一点，而是一段,所以位于谓语动词必须为延续性动词形式．

例：While he was eating his breakfast, his friend came to visit him.

 

 ⑤ 注意 not…until… 正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。

（正常结构）He didn’t go to sleep until he had finished his homework.

（倒装结构）Not until he had finished his homework didhe go to sleep.

（强调结构）It was not until he had finished his homework that he went to sleep.

（until置于句首）Until he had finished his homework he didn’t go to sleep.

 

6、主谓一致

（1） many a, more than one+单数名词，谓语仍然用单数．

  Many a soldier has sacrificed his life for the revolution.

 

（2）either of+复数名词，谓语动词用单数．

Has either of your parents visited you?

 

（3）and; both and 连接两个单数形式的名词词组，谓语动词用复数．当主语在意义上指同一人，同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数．

   A boy and a girl want to go.

  A cart and horse is what he needs now.

在英语中，有不少像a cart and horse这种表示单数概念的短语，如：

 a needle and thread  a knife and fork

 a watch and chaina cup and saucer

即使这种表示单数概念的短语中有复数名词，谓语动词仍然用单数形式，如：

 Danish bacon and eggs makes a good solid English breakfast．

 More examples: bread and butter, trial and error, law and order, toast and marmalade,fish and chips

 

（4）each and each; every and every 等结构后，谓语用单数．

  Each man and (each) woman is asked to help.

 

（5）主语后面有as well as; together with; along with; rather than等词组，谓语的单复数有主语来决定．

 

（6）one of＋复数名词＋关系分句结构，如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数．当前面有the only /very等限定词修饰，谓语用单数．

  Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.

  He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

 

（7）就近原则：

由 not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor 或 or 连接的并列主语，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。例如：

He or you have taken my pen.

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it .

     One or two days are enough to visit the city.

 

（8）由 “a number of, a total of + 复数名词 ” 作主语，谓语动词用复数形式；由 “the number of, thetotal of+ 复数名词 ” ，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
     A number of students are waiting for the bus. 
     The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.

三．考核题型

 《综合英语》考核题型可能会出现以下几种类型：

1.     单词拼写  Spelling

Directions：There are twenty words in this section. Beneath each word there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose one that best completes the word. 

  这部分共20题，主要考核学生对教材中出现的重要词汇的掌握情况。  例如：

1.      ang__shed            A. a, i         B. o, i        C. u, i        D. u, e

2.      un__ue                 A. e, q         B. i, q        C. i, g       D. e, k

3.      gr_v_ly                A. i, e        B. e, i          C. a, e        D. a, i

4.      consp__uous        A. i, k        B. e, c         C. e, k        D. i, c

5.      alt_r_tion             A. a, e        B. e,a          C. e, i       D. a, a

 

2.  词汇变形  Word Derivation

Directions：Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 

这部分共10题，主要考核在教材中出现的重要词汇/短语/语法/句型的灵活应用。

作题技巧：要作好此题，就要熟练掌握词语的变化形式，不仅仅要留意词性，还要注意单复数变形以及词汇的时态变形，同时根据不同的句子所提供的语境，选择相应的变形形式。

1.  The amount of any of these ingredients can be ___ according to your taste. (adjustment)

2.  Good teachers try to make their lessons more ___ by using varied activities. (enjoy)

3.  My only ___ to my mother is that her suffering was not prolonged. (console)

4.  People under a lot of stress at work will often experience ___ , irritability and a loss of confidence. (mood)

5.  We hardly ever go into London. Whatever we need we can buy ___. (local)

 

3.     词汇和语法  Vocabulary and Structure.

Directions：There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence or replaces the underlined part without changing its original meaning.

考查学生对所学语法现象及词汇的掌握。语法题涵盖要求掌握的所有语法现象，词汇题限制在课文中出现的单词及其搭配。

作题技巧：要作好此项选择题，就要熟练掌握所学的语法现象、单词及词组。在作词汇方面的题时，要注意空白处与前、后词的搭配关系、此词或词组的确切含义，然后确定选项。在作语法方面的题时，要根据所学语法知识，确定正确的答案。

这部分共20个小题，主要考核语法和词汇。所考核的语法题涵盖《综合英语（一）》所讲述的主要语法现象。同学们在复习语法时，可以采取这样的办法：把语法集中在一起复习。在复习每一个语法现象时，抓着自己掌握差的方面，或感觉难的重点复习。《综合英语》的语法是在你中学及现阶段所学的语法基础上的提高，因此你要把精力放在提高的部分以及你比较陌生的语法现象。复习哪个语法现象时，就集中做一些有关这语法的练习题。不要看答案，可以把教材中有关语法部分的练习，再仔细做一遍。

例如：

1. The Chinese government publicly ___ the cooperation of all the countries in the fight against COVID-19.

A. opposed        B.advocated             C.proclaimed             D. announced

2. The police searched the office thoroughly but foundno ___ of a break-in.

A. signs               B. gestures         C. symbols         D. signals

3. The region is rich in coal resources but it suffers a serious ___ of fresh air andblue sky.

A. loss              B. inefficiency          C. lack            D. ineffectiveness

4. If parents keep pushing their children too hard at school, the children often endup ___ them.

A.resenting             B. being grateful to       C. being for       D. highly thinking of

5. The____ in favor of a win for the Chinese female volleyball team are around 10 to1.

     A.  ratio                 B. scale                 C.    rate           D.odds

  

4.     阅读理解 Reading comprehension.

Directions： There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or un­finished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the bestchoice

   该部分是考查考生的综合理解能力。要求考生在规定的时间内读完总阅读量为1000词左右的两篇短文，短文后附有10个小题。短文基本没有生词，即使有，也可以根据上下文猜出词义。问题范围涉及文中词和短语的意思、短文的内容、各部分相互之间的关系、单句或全文的内在含意或推理、文章主题思想或大意、作者的态度等。

  答题技巧：

   先通读全文，了解文章的大意，然后根据后面所给的选择题逐题逐段阅读，并找出正确的答案。

  

5.     完型填空 Cloze

Directions: Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Thewords can be used ONCE ONLY. 

该部分是考查考生的语言综合理解能力，短文一般来自于《综合教程》1-14单元课后练习中的完型填空题，但选项并不与教材练习完全一致，要求学生对这十四篇短文能透彻理解，并能根据前后文语境选择恰当的词语完成填空。

例如： 

A.  nurturing     B. world      C.  existence    D. any         E.   everything  F.  counselled    G. defiant      H.  positive     I. inevitably    J. competent    K.  financial     L. flexible   M.  inexperienced   N. requirements    O.   whatever

While I still maintain a child can best learn from a __41__ example, unfortunately in today’s society, not all parents are setting positive examples. I have __42__ many children over the years and in a vast majority of cases; what has contributed most to the need for counselling in the first place has been the absence or lack of adequate parenting skills. There are excellent parents in __43__, for many it comes naturally. For other, they never “get the act together.” Some individuals, for__44__ reasons, simply do not possess the ability, tolerance, time, energy, understanding and __45__ resources to raise a child for the first eighteen years of their life. There are also those parents who feel they doing“__46__ right” when in reality they may be making every mistake in the book.

When a child has become unhappy, emotionally insecure, rude, __47__ and/or physically abusive that the parents can no longer deal with the child, he/she is __48__ pointed in the direction of a counsellor, either by the parents ot the courts, miraculously“fix the problem.” In many cases, had the child been raised in apositve,loving, __49__, understanding, respectful and accepting environment,and learned the importance of moral intelligence, he/she would not be sitting in front ofthe counsellor at all. “Building Moral Intelligence…” is an excellenct learning tool for young, __50__ parents or any parent who chooses to expand their knowledge on the subject.

 

6. 翻译题。Translation.

重点考查学生对所学的句子结构、重点词汇和语法项目的掌握和运用能力。本项由10个小题组成。每小题为一个汉语或英文句子，要求考生把这些句子译成英语或汉语。

答题技巧：翻译题是考查学生运用英语的综合能力。要对课文的重点句型、词汇和语法熟练掌握并能运用。做汉译英题型关键是确定好句型，选准词组。英译汉做题的关键是准确理解关键词词义，根据句子结构及时态，清楚地表达出汉语意思。

例如：

1. 在英语学习中，我们不应忽视文化导入。(overlook)

2. 父母的教导如果坚定、始终如一和理性，孩子就有可能充满自信。（be inclined to）

3.      为了更好地适应大学生活，他打算在暑假参加由当地大学举办的夏令营。（in an effort to）

4.      计算机不够整个年级学生用的。(go round)

5.      该公司将推出防止墙壁渗水的新技术。（come up with）

  

7.    短文写作题  Writing

Directions: You are required to write a short essay of about 200 words on the following topic:
评分标准：

作文题满分为20分。阅卷标准共分为五等：5分、10分、14分、16分和18分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，认为与某一分数近似即定为该分数；认为稍好或稍差于该分数的试卷则可加或减一分或一点五分。

各分数段的具体标准分别是：

5分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重语言错误。

10分：基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。

14分：基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多，其中一些是严重的错误。

16分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

18分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误。

作文字数不够应酌情扣分。

 例如：

How to Balance Academic Study and Extracurricular Activities
You are to write in three parts:
In the first part, state specifically what your view is.
In the second part, support your view with specific reasons and examples.
In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.  

 Sample:

                    How to Balance Academic Study and Extracurricular Activities

    When it comes to academic study and extracurricular activities, though it would be a challenge to strike a balance,it is universally acknowledged that academic study and extracurricular activities should be attached equal importance for students who pursue a colorful and fulfilled campus life.

    There are numerous factors that should be taken into consideration. First of all, for students, without the ability to schedule one’s time and energy, it would be risky to leave academic study behind. After all, academic study comes first for all students who pay for their education in the university. At the same time, practical or social experience from extracurricular activities count a lot. With practical or social experience, students will be equipped with initiative and channels to obtain what they want and achieve their goals. However, if students are engaged in too many extracurricular activities, their academic study would be inevitably affected, and they would lose concentration on both sides.

  To sum up, a balanced campus life should give equal significance to both academic study and extracurricular activities.With a solid knowledge foundation from the former one and a practical or social experience from the latter, students will have a fruitful life in university.