Vocabulary

Before we begin reading, listening, speaking and writting, let's first deal with the new words in Reading A and Reading B. 

Reading A 

determine  v. 规定；决定

Social status is largely determined by the occupation of the main breadwinner.
What determines whether you are a career success or a failure?
determination
She reaffirmed her determination to over come all difficulties that would occur in the days to come.

perform  v. 运作
All systems on the space shuttle  appear to be performing well.

When there's snow and ice, how's    this car going to perform?

centralize v. 集权；把（权利）集中

Power tends to centralize in the hands of those who use it.
Attempts to centralize the economy have failed.

centralization n. 集权化
Nowhere in Britain has bureaucratic centralization proceeded with more pace than in Scotland.

via  prep. 通过；借助于 prep. 经由；经过
Translators can now work from home, via electronic mail systems.
It’s easy to check your bank account via the Internet.
Mr. Baker will return home via Belgium and France.

enable v. 使能够；使有机会
The goal of the training is to enable employees to work as a team.
The money will enable us to hire more workers.

specialized  adj. 专门的；专业的

The agency helps businesses fill highly specialized positions.
The Specialized assets do not transfer easily.

marketing  n. 市场营销

Holbrook has a position in marketing for a large department store. 

finance  n. 财政；财务；金融  v. 为……提供（筹措）资金

Finance is usually the biggest problem for students.

More than ＄100,000 was donated to help finance Ryan's heart transplant.

We financed the new house through the credit union. 

sales  n. 推销活动

Those in a business who are responsible for sales. 

Many stores have started their January sales a month early.

promotion   n. 促销；宣传  n. 晋升；升职

During 1984, Remington spent a lot of money on advertising and promotion. 

Cooper announced the promotion of Moore to vice chairman.

inflexible  adj. 不易改变的

Charles was a man of settled habits and  inflexible routine.

The proposed law is poorly written and inflexible.

respond  v. 做出反应；回应

How did they respond to your criticism?

The patient responded well to surgery. 

require  v. 需要

The job requires a college degree and a knowledge of computers. 

This will require some clear discussions and careful  negotiation. 

divisional   adj. 部门的

The team won the divisional championship.

division  n. 部门

The company's Credit Data Division is based in  Orange County. 

region  n. 地区；区域

Snow is expected in mountain regions.

Tax incentives would be used to attract firms to  the regions, away from the South-East.

regional  adj. 地区的；区域的

It is not surprising to find regional variations in unemployment. 

resource   n.(人力、财力、物力）等资源

Today we are overpopulated, straining the earth's resources.

The police used every available resource to track down the killer. 

subcompact  n. 超小型汽车

Plans call for the Swatch mobile to be 20 % smaller than a typical subcompact, able to wheel into a parking space sideways, cost about $ 10,000 and reach 90 miles an hour.

sedan  n. 厢式小客车；小汽车

A 10% price reduction for sedan-cars is forecast in the near future.

flexibility  n. 灵活；变通

The new software package combines power with   maximum flexibility. 

Being self-employed allowed him the flexibility to work unusual hours. 

response  n. 反应；回应

The public response to the new model has been very positive. 

She said she was writing in response to (=as a response to) an ad in the paper.

matrix  n. 矩阵  n.网络；网状物

The Ansoff Matrix illustrates major business strategies which have a strong impact on marketing strategy .

Birmingham has been described as a matrix of small workshops.

individual  n. 个体；个人

They wait for the group to decide rather than making individual decisions.

Divide the vegetables among four individual dishes.

particular  adj. 具体的；特定的；某一的

Fatigue is a particular problem for women.

Particular emphasis will be placed on oral language training.

personnel  n. 全体职员

All personnel must attend the meeting.

globalization  n. 全球化

We need to take a more positive stance towards globalization.

Trends toward the globalization of industry have dramatically affected food production in California.

demanding  adj.（人）苛求的

He found he could no longer cope with his demanding job.

Her boss was very demanding but appreciative of Christina's talents.

demand  v. 要求；需要

I demand to know what's going on here! 

hierarchical   adj. 等级制度的

It is a very hierarchical company and there's little   place for individual initiative.

The order of The Republic throughout is architectonic and hierarchical.

hierarchy  n.网络；网状物

A hierarchy of ideas and beliefs involves organizing them into a system or structure.

depend on  视……而定；取决（于）

He depended on his writing for his income.

Admission to the university depends solely on a student’s performance. 

for instance  例如

Let your child make some of the small  decisions concerning his daily routine. For instance, allow him to choose what clothes he wears at the weekend.

Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives, and verbs were highly inflected. 

separate into  把……分开

The police wanted to separate them into smaller groups.

Wallerstein’s work can be separated into  three main  component themes.

lead to  导致

Ethnic tensions among the republics could lead to  civil war.

He warned yesterday that a pay rise for teachers would  lead to job cuts.

lie with  在于；取决于

In the last analysis, the responsibility for this failure must lie with the chief engineer.

The fault does not lie with the government officials. 

Reading B

be comprised of  包括；由……组成

The council is comprised of members of the nine  tribes in the Hanford region. 

The course is comprised of ten core modules. 

consist of 由……组成

Our condominium complex consists of 24 buildings.

The operation must consist of a set of well-defined tasks. 

well being  n. 健康；安乐；康乐

We hope to improve the health and well- being of poor children. 

Divorce has a strong effect on people's psychological well-being. 

household adj. 家庭的；家用的

Martha has given away her household things.

Husbands and wives often share household chores.

overall adj. 总的；整体的

You certainly get the overall impression of a very well- run, clearly-focused business.

The project budget is around ＄25 million overall.

strategy  n. 策略

What should our marketing strategy have achieved?

I've just been explaining the basic principles of strategy  to my generals.

identify v. 识别；确认

If you can identify someone or something, you are able  to recognize them or distinguish them from others.

Having identified the problem, the question arises of how to overcome it.

segment  n. 部分

Women's tennis is the market leader in a growing market segment — women's sports.

Give me a segment of a tangerine to taste.

grooming n. 梳洗打扮

There is a growing concern for personal grooming.

There are five new men's grooming products.

fabric n. 织物

This is a good fabric softener for woolens.

This is a fine fabric for ladies' dresses. 

delicated  adj. 专门的

This is the delicated data. 

channel  n. 途径；渠道

The government will surely use the diplomatic channels available.

Moscow and the Baltic republics are reopening channels of communication.

geographic  adj. 地理的；地理学的

Local economic development is slowed down by the plateau climate and geographic conditions.

The geographic position is very advantageous.

data  n. 资料；信息

All the data shows that these animals are more adaptable than we thought.

Data indicates that most crime is committed by young males.

tool n. 工具

The video has become an invaluable teaching tool. 

The Internet has been an effective tool for advertising.