阅读资源库

王静

目录

  • 1 2010专四阅读真题
    • 1.1 Passage One
    • 1.2 Passage Two
    • 1.3 Passage Three
    • 1.4 Passage Four
  • 2 2011专四阅读真题
    • 2.1 Passage One
    • 2.2 Passage Two
    • 2.3 Passage Three
    • 2.4 Passage Four
  • 3 2012专四阅读真题
    • 3.1 Passage One
    • 3.2 Passage Two
    • 3.3 Passage Three
    • 3.4 Passage Four
  • 4 2013专四阅读真题
    • 4.1 Passage One
    • 4.2 Passage Two
    • 4.3 Passage Three
    • 4.4 Passage Four
  • 5 2014专四阅读真题
    • 5.1 Passage One
    • 5.2 Passage Two
    • 5.3 Passage Three
    • 5.4 Passage Four
  • 6 2015专四阅读真题
    • 6.1 Passage One
    • 6.2 Passage Two
    • 6.3 Passage Three
    • 6.4 Passage Four
  • 7 2016专四阅读真题
    • 7.1 Passage One
    • 7.2 Passage Two
    • 7.3 Passage Three
  • 8 2017专四阅读真题
    • 8.1 Passage One
    • 8.2 Passage Two
    • 8.3 Passage Three
  • 9 2018专四阅读真题
    • 9.1 Passage One
    • 9.2 Passage Two
    • 9.3 Passage Three
  • 10 2019专四阅读真题
    • 10.1 Passage One
    • 10.2 Passage Two
    • 10.3 Passage Three
  • 11 2010专八阅读真题
    • 11.1 Passage One
    • 11.2 Passage Two
    • 11.3 Passage Three
    • 11.4 Passage Four
  • 12 2011专八阅读真题
    • 12.1 Passage One
    • 12.2 Passgae Two
    • 12.3 Passage Three
    • 12.4 Passage Four
  • 13 2012专八阅读真题
    • 13.1 Passgae One
    • 13.2 Passgae Two
    • 13.3 Passage Three
    • 13.4 Passage Four
  • 14 2013专八阅读真题
    • 14.1 passage One
      • 14.1.1 Passage Two
    • 14.2 PassageThree
      • 14.2.1 Passage Four
  • 15 2014专八阅读真题
    • 15.1 Passage One
    • 15.2 Passage Two
    • 15.3 Passage Three
    • 15.4 Passage Four
  • 16 2015专八阅读真题
    • 16.1 Passage One
    • 16.2 passage Two
    • 16.3 Passage Three
    • 16.4 Passage Four
  • 17 2016专八阅读真题
    • 17.1 Passage One
    • 17.2 Passage Two
    • 17.3 Passage Three
  • 18 2017专八阅读真题
    • 18.1 Passage One
    • 18.2 Passage Two
    • 18.3 Passage Three
  • 19 2018专八阅读真题
    • 19.1 Passage One
    • 19.2 Passage Two
    • 19.3 Passage Two
    • 19.4 Passage Three
  • 20 2019专八阅读真题
    • 20.1 Passage One
    • 20.2 Passage Two
    • 20.3 Passage Three
Passage Four

(1) Cultural rules determineevery aspect of food consumption. Who eats together defines social units. Forexample, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eatstogether. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for theEnglish, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to thekinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishesbetween regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktailparties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflectswho is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. Itwould be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions amongcocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundariesbetween those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited todinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of foodsymbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.

     (2) In some New Guinea societies, thenuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals ina men's house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eattheir food in their own houses and take the husband's portion to the men'shouse. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern isalso widespread among Near Eastern societies.

    (3) Eating is a metaphor that issometimes used to signify marriage. In many New Guinea societies, like that ofthe Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the TrobriandIslanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple's eating together for the firsttime. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society,it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.

    (4) Other cultural rules have to do withtaboos against eating certain things. In some societies, members of a clan, atype of kin (family) group, are not allowed to eat the animal or bird that istheir totemic ancestor. Since they believe themselves to be descended from thatancestor, it would be like eating that ancestor or eating themselves.

    (5) There is also an association betweenfood prohibitions and rank, which is found in its most extreme form in thecaste system of India. A caste system consists of ranked groups, each with adifferent economic specialization. In India, there is an association betweencaste and the idea of pollution. Members of highly ranked groups can bepolluted by coming into contact with the bodily secretions, particularlysaliva, of individuals of lower-ranked castes. Because of the fear ofpollution, Brahmans and other high-ranked individuals will not share food with,not eat from the same plate as, not even accept food from an individual from alow-ranking caste.