(1)The art ofpublic speaking began in ancient Greece over 2,000 years ago. Now, twitter,instant messaging, e-mail, blogs and chat forums offer rival approaches tocommunication—but none can replace the role of a great speech.

    (2)Thespoken word can handle various vital functions: persuading or inspiring,informing, paying tribute, entertaining, or simply introducing someone orsomething or accepting something.

    (3)Overthe past year, the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs ofwhat was certainly a stormy time.

    (4)Persuasionis used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view. When theleaders met in Copenhagen in December 2009, persuasive words from activistsencouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action.

    (5)Inspirationalspeeches confront the emotions. They focus on topics and matters that are closeto people’s hearts. During wars, generals used inspiring speeches to preparethe troops for battle.

    (6)Aspeech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us. Theinformation must be clear, accurate, and expressed in a meaningful andinteresting way. When the H1N1 pandemic （流行病） was announced,the idea of “swine flu” （猪流感） scared many people. Informative speeches fromWorld Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic undercontrol so they could take sensible precautions.

    (7)Sadevents are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the lossof a loved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting.Madonna’s speech about Michael Jackson, after his death, highlighted the factthat he will continue to live on through his music.

    (8)It’snot only in world forums where public speaking plays an important role. It canalso be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.

    (9)Ifyou’re taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of thesoundness of your argument. In sports, athletes know the importance of a peptalk（鼓舞士气的讲话）before a match to inspire teammates. You yourself may be asked to do apresentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vitalimportance.

(10)On a more personal level, a friend may be upset and need comforting. Oryou might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at awedding, where your language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.

    (11)Great speaking ability is notsomething we’re born with. Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect everyspeech. For a brilliant speech, there are rules that you can put to good use.To learn those rules you have to practice and learn form some outstandingspeeches in the past.