【主题分类】词汇理解：健康

【高级表达】

1.     Chronic disease 慢性病；acute disease 急性病

2.     Health indicator 健康指征

3.     Obesity n. 肥胖

4.     Impairment n.（身体/精神方面的）损伤，障碍

5.     Cholesterol n. 胆固醇

【关键句型】

1.  When considering risk factors associated with serious chronic diseases, we often think about health indicators such as … 在考虑与严重的慢性疾病相关的风险因素时，我们通常会想到诸如……等健康指征。

2.     Poor diet and physical inactivity also each increase the risk of heart disease and have a role to play in the development of some cancers. 不良饮食和缺乏运动也会增加罹患心脏病的风险，还会推进某些癌症的发展。

3.     Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning. 研究发现，肥胖与认知功能障碍相关。

4.     There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge 越来越多的证据表明，由饮食诱发的认知障碍时有发生。

【答案解析】

26. G）detrimental

空格前是定冠词the，其后是名词effects，由此可知空格处应填入形容词或分词充当effects的定语。符合语法条件的形容词或分词选项有assessed（评估），assigned（指派），designated（指定的），detrimental（不利的），excelling（擅长），indulging（沉溺于），redundant（冗余的）和similar（类似的）。

前文提到不良饮食和缺乏运动会增加罹患心脏疾病的风险，而且还会对一些癌症的发展产生影响。显然这些影响都属于“不利”影响。 detrimental意为“不利

的，有害的”，符合语境，所以正确答案为G）。

27. J）indulging

空格前是谓语has also shown that，空格后是介词短语in a high-fat and high-sugar diet及从句的谓语may have negative effects on。由此可知，空格处应填入一个名词或动名词充当宾语从句的主语。符合语法条件的名词或动名词选项有consequences（后果），deficits（不足），digestion（消化），excelling（超过，擅长）和indulging（沉溺于）。

本句提到，最近的研究表明高脂肪、高糖的食物可能会对你的大脑产生负面影响，将符合语法条件的备选项代入原文可知indulging in符合此处语境，所以正确答案为J）。

28. E）deficits

空格前是causing learning and memory，空格后是句号。由此可知空格处应填入一个名词作为causing的宾语。符合语法条件的名词选项有consequences、deficits和digestion。结合上面两题的分析可知，本句意思是，肆意摄入高脂肪、高糖的食物可能会对你的大脑产生负面影响，导致学习和记忆“障碍”。deficits意为“不足”，可以引申为“障碍”，符合此处语境，所以正确答案为E）。

29. A）assessed

空格位于as与介词短语by a range of learning and memory tests之间，由此可知空格处应填入一个过去分词，与by一起构成被动结构。符合语法条件的选项有assessed，assigned和designated。

本句前半句提到，研究发现肥胖与认知功能受损有关，as引导的短语结构则补充说明了前半句结论是通过一系列学习和记忆测试得出的，语义上能够与test搭配的只有assessed，所以正确答案为A）。

30. L）rapidly

空格位于can emerge之后，emerge为不及物动词，所以空格处应填入副词修饰动词emerge。符合语法条件的副词选项有conspicuously（显著地），rapidly（迅速地）和regularly（有规律地）。

鉴于前半句提到，越来越多的证据也表明，饮食导致的认知障碍时有发生，后面破折号部分指出within weeks or even days（在几周甚至几天内），由此可见，应该是“迅速”出现，所以正确答案为L）。

31. B）assigned

空格前是名词短语healthy adults，空格后是介词短语to a high-fat diet for five days,由此可知空格处应填入一个形容词或分词补充说明healthy adults。

根据后面的compared with a low-fat diet control group（与低脂肪饮食的对照组相比）判断，此处是说，健康成年人“被指派”摄入高脂肪饮食五天后，显示出注意力、记忆力和情绪受损的情况。assign sb.to sth.为固定搭配，意为“指定某人做某事”，所以正确答案为B）。

32. O）similar

空格位于名词memory前，应该是一个形容词或分词，且能与to搭配，符合语法条件的选项只有designated和similar。从语义上判断，应该是说高脂肪、高糖的餐饮带来的结果与超重、肥胖人群中的情况类似，所以正确答案为O）。

33. C）consequences

空格位于形容词negative与of引导的介词短语之间，所以应该是名词。从上下文的语义可以判断，此处是指负面“影响”，所以正确答案为C）。

34. D）conspicuously

空格位于has not changed后，空格处可填入名词或副词。

上文提到健康饮食组与高脂肪、高糖饮食组的体重差异并不是特别大，故此处意为：即使体重没有明显变化，摄入不良饮食的负面影响也会产生，conspicuously意为“显著”符合语境，所以正确答案为D）。

35. N）regularly

空格位于to eat well and exercise之后，从exercise和eat的并列结构可知，空格应为副词，修饰动词exercise。符合语法条件的副词选项只剩下regularly。

将regularly代入原文，恰好符合语义，即瘦的人也需要“吃好并且经常锻炼”，所以正确答案为N）。

【主题分类】长篇阅读：社会

【高级表达】

1.     Contentious a. 有异议的

2.     Hypothesis n. 假设

3.     Plausibility n. 似真性，善辩

4.     In tandem with 并行，并驾齐驱

5.     Tipping point 引爆点，临界点

【关键句型】

1. Now a new study has provided another contribution to the debate, uncovering strong evidence that adolescent wellbeing in the United States really is experiencing a decline and arguing that the most likely cause is the electronic riches we have given them. 如今，一项新的研究进一步推进了这场辩论。这项研究发现，有强有力的证据表明，美国青少年的幸福健康水平正在经历下滑，而造成这一状况最有可能的原因是我们为他们提供了丰富的电子产品。

2. It reflected the fact that these decades saw a climb in general standards of living and avoidance of mass societal traumas like full-scale war or economic deprivation.这反映了一个事实，即这几十年间人们生活水平普遍提高，同时诸如全面战争或经济匮乏等群体性社会创伤也得到了避免。

3. Twenge’s team’s analysis of the answers confirmed the earlier, well-established wellbeing climb, with scores rising across the nineties, and into the later 2000s. 特文格团队的答案分析确认了早先已经得到充分论证的幸福攀升状况，分数的上升持续了整个20世纪90年代，并一直延续到了21世纪。

4. They explain that if a given variable is playing a role in affecting wellbeing, then we should expect any change in that variable to correlate with the observed changes in wellbeing. 他们解释说，如果是某一特定变量在影响幸福状况，那么我们应该预期的是，该变量的任何改变都与观察到的幸福指数变化相关。

     5. The data was slightly complicated by the fact that there was a tendency for kids who were social in the real world to also use more online communication, but by bracketing out different cases it became clear that the real-world sociality component correlated with greater wellbeing, whereas greater time on screens or online only correlated with poorer wellbeing. 数据稍微有点复杂，因为现实中喜欢社交的孩子也更倾向于使用在线交流。但通过对不同情况的分类，可以清晰地看到，现实社交的成分与幸福感的升高相关，而与之相对的是，屏幕使用时间和在线时间的增加与幸福感的降低相关。

6. This isn’t bullet-proof evidence to be sure, and I suspect that some figures in the field will be keen to address alternative explanations – such as unassessed variables playing a role. 这并不是一个无懈可击的证据，我怀疑这个领域中的某些人会热衷于给出不一样的解释—例如认为还有别的未经考察的变量也在影响着（幸福指数）。

【答案解析】

36. The year when most Americans began using smartphones was identified as a turning point in young Americans’ level of happiness. 大多数美国人开始使用智能手机的那一年被定为美国年轻人幸福水平的拐点。题干中的关键词是most Americans, turning point, smartphone，分别对应G段2012 was the tipping point when more than half of Americans began owning smartphones.中的“more than half of Americans”, “tipping point”和“smartphone”，所以正确答案为G）。

37. Scores in various wellbeing measures began to go downward among young Americans in recent years. 近年来，美国年轻人的各项幸福感指标分数纷纷开始下降。题干中的关键词是wellbeing measures, began to go downward, 分别对应C段“around 2012 these measures started to decline, year on year, up to 2016, the most recent year available. ”中的“these measures”,“started to decline”，所以正确答案是C）。

38. Unfortunately, activities involving direct contact with people, which contributed to better wellbeing were found to be on the decline. 遗憾的是，那些能够提高幸福感的与人直接接触的活动被发现正呈减少趋势。题干中的关键词是activities involving direct contact, be on the decline。由此可定位到H段，分别对应于“Sadly, the data also showed face-to-face socializing and sports activity had declined over the period covered by the survey.”中的“face-to-face socializing and sports activity”和“had declined”，所以正确答案为H）。

39. In response to past critics, Twenge and her co-researchers stress they are not trying to prove that the use of digital devices reduces young people's wellbeing. 作为对之前批评者的回应，特文格和她的同事们强调，他们并非要证明使用数字设备会降低年轻人的幸福感。题干关键词为 “critics”, “stress”, “not trying to prove”显示与D段中 “some commentators were quick to raise this problem”, “Twenge and her team make a point of saying that that they are not trying to establish causes as such, but that they are assessing the plausibility of potential causes. ”, 所以正确答案为D）。 

40. In the last few decades of the 20th century, living standards went up and economic depressions were largely averted in the US. 在20世纪的最后几十年中，美国人的生活水平有所提升，经济萧条也在很大程度上得到了避免。题干中的关键词为living standards went up 和economic depressions were largely averted，分别指向B段中 “a climb in general standards of living”；“avoidance of...economic deprivation”. 所以正确答案是B）。 

41. Contrary to popular belief, doing homework might add to students’ wellbeing.

与流行观点相反，做作业可能会提高学生的幸福感。题干关键词为homework和add to students’ wellbeing，对应于E段“So the researchers looked at time spent in a number of activities that could plausibly be driving the wellbeing decline. Less sport, and fewer meetings with peers correlated with lower wellbeing, as did less time reading print media (newspapers) and, surprisingly, less time doing homework.”所以正确答案是E）。

42. The author believes the researchers’ new study has gone a step further regarding the impact of screen time on wellbeing. 关于屏幕使用时间对幸福感的影响，作者认为研究者们的新研究向前推进了一步。题干关键词是“new study”，“has gone a step further”, 对应于“the new work does go further than before and suggests that screen time should still be considered a potential barrierto young people's flourishing.”，所以正确答案为J）。

43. The researchers found that extended screen time makes young people less happy.

研究者们发现，屏幕时间的延长使年轻人更不快乐。题干关键词是“extended screen time”和“less happy”，对应于“higher doses of screen time were clearly associated with lower happiness.”所以正确答案为F）。

44. Data reveals that economic inequality rather than family income might affect people's wellbeing. 数据显示，经济上的不平等而不是家庭收入, 可能是影响人们幸福感的原因。题干中的关键词是“economic inequality”和“family income”，直接指向I段“They found some evidence that some crude measures, like income inequality, correlated with changes in wellbeing, but economic measures with a more direct impact, like median family income and unemployment rates (which put families into difficulties), had no relationship with wellbeing.”，所以正确答案是I）。

45. Too much screen time is widely believed to be the cause of unhappiness among today's young people. 人们普遍认为，屏幕使用时间过长是当今年轻人感到不幸福的原因。这句话提出的是一种普遍观点，往往出现在文章开头部分。结合题干关键词today's young people 可定位到A段“There is an increasing suspicion that all is not well for our youth. And one of the most popular explanations, among some experts and the popular media, is that excessive "screen time is to blame”，所以正确答案为A）。

Passage 1

【主题分类】仔细阅读：心理学

【高级表达】

   1. Sophisticated a. 复杂的，老练的，世故的

   2. Manipulate v. 操纵，操控

   3. Opt to do/ opt for sth 选择

   4. Rationalize v. 使合理化

   5. Amygdala n. [解剖] 杏仁核

【关键句型】

1.  In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. 在研究中，他给了受试者一个机会，让他们可以通过撒谎获取钱财，同时用功能性核磁共振仪监控他们的大脑，呈现出其中的血流活跃部位。

2.   For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural (神经的) reward centres were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation. 在后续的分析中，他发现，那些赢钱时神经奖励中心更活跃的人，也更容易撒谎----这意味着撒谎可能与无法抵御诱惑有关。

3.    External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. 外部条件对于我们撒谎的时间和频率也有很重要的影响。

4.  But when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. 但一旦人们不用为其不诚实的行为承担后果时，他们的谎言甚至会变得更为耸人听闻。

【答案解析】

46. A）根据题干中的milestone和development可以定位到第一段第三句：Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. 该句指出，一些专家甚至认为撒谎对于一个人的成长，就像爬行和走路一样重要，因为它需要缜密的计划和注意力，以及从别人角度看待事情，以便操纵他人的能力。选项A）中的view complex situations from different angles是对原文中see a situation from someone else's perspective的同义替换，故为正确答案。该句虽然将撒谎与爬行和走路相提并论，但没有表明撒谎比这两个能力更显著，所以选项B）不对，选项C）、D）原文均未提及。

47. D）根据题干中的Harvard neuroscientist和takes work可以定位到第二段第一句：Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene says, for most of us, lying takes work. 哈佛大学认知神经科学家说撒谎是需要费心思的。后面第三句提到，在他的研究中，一些受试者选择说谎，they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal(颅腔壁的) control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. 此时他们的前额颅腔壁控制网的活动增强，这正是高难度或复杂的思维过程的结果。由此可知，撒谎涉及复杂的心理活动。故选项D）为正确答案。选项A）、B）原文未提及可排除。本段第二句提到该研究中使用功能性核磁共振成像仪检测受试者的大脑,该仪器可以呈现出血液流向大脑的活跃部位的情况。快速血流是撒谎的生理表现，不是撒谎的原因，所以选项C）不对。 

48. B）根据提干中的tend to lie，可以定位到第三段第二句：We are more likely to lie, research shows, when we are able to rationalize it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. 研究表明，当我们能将谎言合理化时，当我们感动压力和疲劳时，或者当我们看到别人不诚实时，我们更容易撒谎。所以正确答案为B）。虽然第二段最后一句提到撒谎或与无法抵御诱惑有关，但并没有明确指出有诱惑时人更容易撒谎，所以C）是干扰项。A）D）选项均未提及。

49. B）根据题干中的less likely to lie可以定位到第三段第三句：we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching.

意思是当受到道德方面的提醒，或者认为别人在观察我们的时候，我们就不太可能撒谎。选项B中的under watchful eyes与原文中的others are watching为同义替换，所以正确答案为选项B）。选项A）是更易撒谎的情况，属于正反混淆,故排除。选项C）、D）原文未提及。

50. B）根据题干中的not get punished可以定位到第三段第四句和第四段的最后两句。第三段第四句提到，when we don’t punish lying, we increase the probability it will happen again当撒谎行为没有受到惩罚时，我们就增加了撒谎再次发生的可能性。第四段最后也提到，But when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies which get bigger over time. 题干中的not get punished对应原文中的faced no consequences，选项B）中的tell bigger lies是原文lies which get bigger的同义转述，所以正确答案是选项B）。其他三项在原文中均未提及。

Passage 2

【主题分类】仔细阅读：自然灾害

【高级表达】

1.     Drill n.

2.     Unawares adv.

3.     Megathrust n.

4.     Plate n.

5.     Catastrophe n. 

【关键句型】

1.   California has spent years preparing for “The Big One” , the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault.

2.    Megathrusts are created in earthquake zones-land plate boundaries where two plates converge.

3.   To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios.

4.    Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented but by coordinating across local, state, and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted.

5.    For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, “The Big One” isn't a question of if, only when. 

【答案解析】

51. C）根据题干中的信息词“The Big One",答案线索可以定位在文章第一段。其中第三句提到，California has spent years preparing for “The Big One” , the inevitable earthquake that will undoubtedly unleash all kinds of havoc along the famous San Andreas fault. 加利福尼亚多年来一直在准备着迎接“大地震”，这场不可避免的地震无疑会对著名的圣安德烈亚斯断层上造成各种破坏。”由此可知，“The Big One” 就是一场巨大的自然灾害，所以正确答案是C）。

52. A）根据题干中的Cascadia Rising drill可以定位到文章第二段第二句：The Cascadia Rising drill gives area residents and emergency responders a chance to practice what to do in case of a 9. 0-magnitude earthquake and tsunami along one of the nation's dangerous-and underestimated -faults. “卡斯卡迪亚断层崛起演习使当地居民和应急人员有机会演练，当9.0级地震与海啸发生在美国危险且被低估了的断层上时，应该如何应对。”由此可知,“卡斯卡迪亚断层崛起”演习的目的就是帮助人们应对可能会发生的地震和海啸。所以，正确答案为选项A）。选项B）提到“迫在眉睫的灾害”。根据文章最后一段，人们并不知道“大地震”何时会发生，所以选项B）不对。选项C），D）在文中没有相关信息支持可排除。 

53. D）根据题干中的a megathrust earthquake可以定位到文章第四段第四句：During a megathrust event, all of that stress releases and some of the world is most powerful earthquakes occur. “如果发生巨型逆冲断层滑动，所有的压力会释放出来，世界上最强烈的地震由此产生。” 所以正确答案为选项D）。其他三个选项都是出题人根据第四段中出现的land plate boundaries where two plates converge设置的干扰项。 

54. B）根据题干中的officials可以定位到文章第五、六段。文章第五段提到To prevent that event from becoming a catastrophe, first responders will join members of the public in rehearsals that involve communication, evacuation, search and rescue, and other scenarios. “为了防止地震带来灾难，第一批应急反应者将与公众一起参与到涉及通讯，撤离，搜救及其他场景的演习”。第六段提到：Not all casualties can necessarily be prevented but by coordinating across local, state, and even national borders, officials hope that the worst-case scenario can be averted. “并不是所有的伤亡都可以避免，但是通过跨地区、跨州，甚至是跨国界的协调，官员们希望能够避免最坏的情况”，而最坏的情况即第六段开头提到的 “如果发生9.0级地震,预计将有数千人伤亡”。由此可知，正确答案是选项B）。选项A）只是演习的部分内容不是目的，故排除。选项C）与原文信息不符，原文提到的是减少人员伤亡，而不是财产损失，故排除。选项D）是本题的强干扰项，因为第六段最后一句提到：On the exercise's website, officials explain that the report they prepare during this rehearsal will inform disaster management for years to come. “在演习的网站上,官员们解释说，他们在这次演习中准备的报告将会影响到今后几年的灾害管理。”但是这只是报告的作用，并非演习的最终目的，而且原文只提到灾害管理，并未涉及应急管理，所以可以排除D）。 

55. C）题干关键词是“The Big One”，且表述笼统，所以很难进行精确定位。但根据出题顺序与段落顺序基本一致的原则，问题很可能出自文章最后一段。最后一段的第一句提到：For hundreds of thousands of Cascadia residents, “The Big One” isn't a question of if, only when. “对成千上万的卡斯卡迪亚居民而言，‘大地震’ 不是一个是否会发生的问题，而是一个何时会发生的问题。” 原文中的not a question of if, only when和选项C）中的a matter of time属于同义替换。由此可知，正确答案是选项C）。选项B）和D）都没有提及，故可以排除。