5.3 Fractures of Permanent Teeth

                                                                                                                              

① Several types of fractures of permanent teeth

② Crown fractures

③ Crown-root fractures

④ Root and alveolar fractures

⑤ Review 

                                                                                                                

Extended Reading:

  ◆ Radiographic examination


    → A detailed radiographic examination is essential to 
establish the extent of the injury to the supporting tis
sues, the stage of root development, and the relation to
the permanent successors. 


    → Always consider minimizing the risk of radiation to the
 child. Several angles are recommended. 

    → Select the 
appropriate radiographic examination: 
90° horizontal angle with central beam through the 
tooth in question
; occlusal view; extra-oral lateral view of the tooth in question may 
reveal the relationship between the apex of the displaced tooth and the permanent tooth germ as well 
as the direction of dislocation, but is seldom indicated as it rarely adds extra
in formation.

 ◆ Use of antibiotics


    → There is limited evidence for use of systemic antibiotics in
 the management of luxation injuries and no evidence 
that antibiotic coverage improves outcomes for root 
fractured teeth. Antibiotic use remains at the discretion 
of the clinician as TDI (Traumatic dental injury)'s are often accompanied by soft
 tissue and other associated injuries, which may require 
other surgical intervention. In addition, the patient's
 medical status may warrant antibiotic coverage.