Unit 5   Comfort

When people in the best state of health, allkinds of basic physiological needs are met, and they often can experience thecomfortable feeling. But patients due to disease, psychology, environment andother factors, often in a state of discomfort. Nurse should care for thepatient, through close observation, analysis of factors influencing thecomfortable, targeted to provide relaxing and peaceful environment forpatients, to guide the patients to rest and sleep, strengthen the life care, reducethe pain of patients, improve comfort, to promote the effect of rehabilitation.

  Thischapter mainly introduces the concept of comfort and discomfort, interferencefactors of patients comfortable and principles of nursing in patients withuncomfortable, the applicable scope of the several kinds of patients’ positionand clinical significance, pain of the concept, nature, influencing factors ofpain, pain assessment and intervention of pain.

                          第五章  舒适

当人们处于最佳健康状态、各种基本生理需要得到满足时，常常能体验到舒适达感觉。但是患者由于受到疾病、心理、外界环境等多种因素的影响，经常处于不舒适的状态。护士在护理患者时，应通过密切观察，分析影响舒适的因素，有针对性的为患者提供轻松、安宁的环境，指导患者正确的休息与睡眠，加强生活护理，缓解患者的疼痛，增进舒适，达到促进康复的效果。

  本章最主要介绍舒适与不舒适的概念、干扰患者舒适的因素以及对不舒适患者的护理原则，常用几种卧位的适用范围和临床意义，口腔、头发、皮肤护理的目的、要点，常用漱口液的临床作用，疼痛的概念、性质、分类，影响疼痛的因素，疼痛的评估以及疼痛患者的护理措施。

1. 舒适：是只处在轻松安宁的环境状态下，个体所具有的身心健康、满意、没有疼痛，没有焦虑、轻松自在的自我感觉。

Comfort: is only in a relaxed state of the environment, the individual has the physical and mental health, satisfaction, no pain, no anxiety, relaxed and comfortable self feeling.

2. 主动卧位：是指患者在床上自己采取的最舒适的卧位。

Active lying position: refers to the patient in bed on their own to take the most comfortable lying position.   

3. 被动卧位：是指患者自己无力变换卧位时，由其他人帮助安置的卧位。

Passive lying position: refers to the patient's own inability to change the horizontal position, the other person to help place the lying position.

4. 被迫卧位：是指患者的意识清晰，也有变换卧位的能力，但由于疾病的影响和治疗的需要，被迫采取的卧位。

Compelled lying position: refers to the patient's consciousness, but also has the ability to change the position, but because of the impact of the disease and the need for treatment, forced to take the position.

5. 中凹卧位：是用垫枕抬高患者的头胸部约10°~20°，抬高下肢约30°。

Horizontal position: is making the cephalothorax of the patient rise up to 10 to 20 with pad, pushing up limbs about 30 of lower limbs.

6. 膝胸卧位：是患者跪卧,两小腿平放于床上,稍分开,大腿和床面垂直,胸贴床面,腹部悬空,臀部抬起,头转向一侧,两臂屈肘,放于头的两侧。

Knee-chest: is patients knelt lie, two legs flat on the bed, slightly apart, thighs and bed surface, vertical placket bed surface, dangling belly, hips up, head to one side, two arms bend ancon, on both sides of the head.

7. 截石位：是病人仰卧,双腿放置于腿架上，将臀部移到床边,能最大限度的暴露会阴,多用于肛肠手术和妇科手术。

Lithotomy position: is patients lie on your back, his legs are placed in the rack, the hips will be moved to the bed, can maximum limit exposed the perineum, usually for anorectal surgery and gynecologic surgery.

8. 患者自控镇痛技术：是指由患者根据其疼痛情况按压计算机控制的镇痛泵的启动键，自行给予由医生预先设定剂量的止痛药物。

PCA: is patient pump the start button of the Computer controlled analgesia pump according to thier ache ,then take painkillers which doses are pre-setten by the doctor.  

9. 疼痛：是伴随现存的或潜在的组织损伤而产生的不愉快的主观感觉和情绪体验。

Pain: is a highly unpleasant and very personal sensation that cannot be shared with others.

Unit 5 Comfort

主动卧位   Active Lying Position

被迫卧位   Passive Lying Position

仰卧位   Horizontal Recumbent Position

中凹卧位   Horizontal Position with theMiddle of the Body Lowering

屈膝仰卧位    Dorsal Recumbent Position

侧卧位   Lateral Position

半坐卧位   Fowler's Position

端坐位  Orthopneic Position/SittingPosition

俯卧位  Prone Position

头低足高位  Trendelenburg Position

头高足低位  Dorsal Elevated Position

膝胸卧位   Knee-chest Position

截石位  Dorsal Lithotomy Position

会阴的  Vaginal

直肠的 Rectal

呼吸困难   Dyspnea

腹部手术   Abdominal pelvic surgery

心衰   Heart failure

心包积液   Pericardiac effusion

支气管哮喘   Bronchial asthma

顽固性疼痛   Intractable pain

烧灼样疼痛   Burning pain

牵涉痛   Referred pain

锐痛   Sharp pain

钝痛   Dull pain

弥散性疼痛   Diffuse pain

转移性疼痛  Shifting pain

垂体   Pituitary gland

触角感受器  Tactile receptors

止痛剂  Analgesics