Millions of people travel by plane every single day. If you're planning on being one of them soon, you might not be looking forward to the 26 feeling air travel often leaves you with.

Besides the airport crowds and stress, travelling at a high altitude has real effects on the body. Although the pressure of the cabin is 27 to prevent altitude sickness, you could still 28 sleepiness or a headache. The lower oxygen pressure found in an aircraft cabin is 29 to that at 6,000-8,000 feet of altitude. A drop in oxygen pressure can cause headaches in certain 30 . To help prevent headaches, drink plenty of water, and avoid alcohol and coffee.

Airplane food might not really be as tasteless as you 31 thought. The air you breathe in a plane dries out your mouth and nose, which can affect your sense of taste. Perception of sweet and salty foods dropped by almost 30 percent in a simulation of air travel. However, you can make your taste buds active again by drinking water. A dry mouth may 32 taste sensitivity, but taste is restored by drinking fluids.

Although in-flight infections 33 in dry environments like airplanes, your risk of getting sick from an airplane is actually low because of the air 34 used. Unless you’re sitting next to someone who is coughing or sneezing, you shouldn’t worry too much about getting sick. However, bacteria have been shown to live on cabin surfaces, so wash your hands 35 .

A) adjusted           B) channels        C) equivalent        D) experience

E）filters              F) frequently      G) individuals       H) originally

I)   particular        J) primarily         K) reduce              L) renovated

M) smooth            N) thrive             O) unpleasant

【主题分类】阅读理解：关于飞机上的气压变化而引起的一系列问题，诸如身体的不适反应；对胃口和疾病的传播等方面的影响。

【高级表达】

1. at a high altitude: 在高海拔区域

2. real effects on body: 对身体真正影响

3. be adjusted to: 被...调整以适应

4. thrive in dry environment: 在干燥的环境下滋长

5. be restored by: 通过......被恢复

【关键句型】

1. Besides the airport crowds and stress, travelling at a high altitude has real effects on the body. Although the pressure of the cabin is adjusted to prevent altitude sickness, you could still experience sleepiness or a headache.除了机场的人群和压迫感，在这个高度的航程确实对身体有影响。虽然舱内的压力已经调整到可以克服高度产生的病症，但是，人们仍然会有嗜睡或头疼的感觉。

2. The air you breathe in a plane dries out your mouth and nose, which can affect your sense of taste. 在飞机上你呼吸的空气会使你的口鼻干燥，这也会影响你的味觉。

3. However, you can make your taste buds active again by drinking water. A dry mouth may reduce taste sensitivity, but taste is restored by drinking fluids. 然而，通过喝水，你可以让你的味蕾重新活跃起来。干燥的口腔会降低味觉敏感度，但是口服液体会恢复味觉。

4. Although in-flight infections thrive in dry environments like airplanes, your risk of getting sick from an airplane is actually low because of the air filters used. 虽然飞行中的感染在飞机这种干燥环境中容易蔓延，但是，因为使用了空气过滤器，所以，染病的几率还是很低的。

【答案解析】

26.O

   解析：从结构而言，此处应该填入形容词；从段落的意思来判断，此处的形容词应该是一个消极的否定的含义。所以应该填入unpleasant.

27.A

   解析：此句出现的部分为一个although引导的转折关系语句，那么此处应是指“采取了积极措施”，那么下句才会顺理成章地引入“嗜睡或头疼”的症状，那么此处就应该选择adjusted。

28.D

   解析：选项中的英语动词并不多，符合题意的也只有D选项了。

29.C

   解析：选项的后面是一组数值，也只有equivalent可以连接数字了。

30.G

   解析：浏览了能供选择的名词，只有B，E，和G。而头痛，这应该是“人”的感觉，所以选择individuals.

31.H

   解析：选项中的副词选项只有originally和primarily，后者的意思为“首要的，最重要的”，而前者的意思是“开始的，最初的，起初的”，前者符合句意。

32.K

   解析：由本句中的“but”一词可证明前面的意思为“减少”或是类似于“反面的消极的含义”，这样才能在“但是”后面跟随“恢复胃口”的含义。

33.N

   解析：此句话确定选择thrive，因为although这个表示转折关系的引导词，引导的从句含义应该与主句表达的含义相反。主句的意思是，“你被传染到疾病的风险很低”，那么前面表示的就是“传染很容易”。

34.E

   解析：能和air搭配的选项还可能是channels，但是此处明显是指“空气过滤”的含义，因此，只可能是唯一答案filter。

35.F

   解析：从句意来判断，frequently是唯一可行的选项。

【主题分类】阅读理解：信息匹配题。本篇主要是围绕韩国一座城市的兴起，说明文章的主题。交通的便利使得城市的功能发挥更为淋漓尽致。

【高级表达】

1. Easy access to air travel: 航空交通便利

2. Intentionally: 故意的

3. On a massive scale: 大规模的

4. Aviation: 航空

5. A stone’s throw: 一箭之遥

6. Be supposed to be: 应该是

7. Incentive: 刺激；激励

8. Contend: 主张；声称

    

【关键句型】

1. "From the outset, it was designed on the basis of connectivity and competitiveness,” says Kasarda. "The government built the bridge directly from the airport to the Songdo International Business District. And the surface infrastructure was built at the same time as the new airport.”“从一开始，它就是基于连接和竞争的考量而设计的，”卡萨尔达这样说。“政府造了一座桥直接从机场连接至松岛国际商业区。而且新机场的地面基础设施也是同时开工的。”

2. Chances are you've actually seen this place. Songdo appears in the most famous music video ever to come out of South Korea.很有可能你已经见过此地了。松岛出现在了韩国最著名的音乐录影之中。 

3. The floor-to-ceiling windows of his company's offices overlook Songdo Central Park, with a canal full of small boats and people fishing. Shimmering glass towers line the canal's edge. 公司的落地大窗户俯瞰着松岛中央公园，运河上满是小船和钓鱼的人们。闪亮的玻璃塔楼排满了运河两侧。

4. "There have been a lot of utopian cities in history. And the reason we don't know about a lot of them is that they have vanished entirely. In other words, when it comes to cities一or anything else一it is hard to predict the future.”“历史上曾经有过很多乌托邦式的城市。我们并不了解太多的原因是，他们完全消失了。换句话说，说到城市或另外的东西，很难预测其未来。”

【答案解析】 

36.  Songdo's popularity lies more in its quality of life than its business attraction.

   解析：答案为F。 此段中的这两句话“Songdo has become a popular Korean city一more popular as a residential area than a business one” 与"It's a great place to live. And it's becoming a great place to work," 均可表明F段的意思就在于表现“松岛的魅力在于它的生活品质，而不仅仅因为商业关注。”

37. The man who conceived Songdo feels disappointed because it has fallen short of his expectations.

   解析：答案为I。“Park Yeon Soo feels frustrated, too”,说明作为这座城市的建造者，城市展示的样子有悖其初衷。

38. A scene in a popular South Korean music video was shot in Songdo.

   解析：答案为D。松岛作为一个“既新又漂亮的新城市”，自然能够引起极大关注。D段描述  的就是一部韩国最著名的音乐录影在松岛的拍摄。

39. Songdo still lacks the financial stimulus for businesses to set up shop there.

   解析：答案为G。 从句子 “But there needs to be strong economic incentives for companies to locate here”可见，城市还是缺乏经济上的激励机制，而后面的句子 “the city is still unfinished, and it feels a bit like a theme park”进一步深化了此概念，“更多的像个主题公园”。

40. Airplanes will increasingly become the chief means of transportation, according to a professor.

   解析：答案为B。关键词 “aviation”点明了21世纪的交通方式的重心就是“航空”，因此，B段符合题干之意。

41. Songdo has ended up different from the city it was supposed to be.

   解析：答案为E。第一句中的 “supposed to be”和下一句的 “turned out”就说明了“理想”与“现实”之间的差距。 “But the reality is more complicated”，此句话更是说明了现实情况的复杂性。  

42. Some of the people who work in Songdo complain about boredom in the workplace.

   解析：答案为H。 “to some of the residents, Songdo feels hollow”中的hollow一词表明“松岛生活的一种乏味”。对于很多居住者而言，它仅仅就是一个工作场所，而并非一座完整功能的城市。

43. A business professor says that a future city should have easy access to international transportation.

   解析：答案为A。作为引论段的第二句话 “one vision of the perfect city of the future is a place that offers easy access to air travel”，与题干意思高度契合。

44. According to an urban design professor, it is difficult for city designers to foresee what will happen in the future.

   解析：答案为J。本段指出，很难见证城市的未来，是因为城市在发展的过程中，就逐渐消亡了。

45.Park Yeon Soo, who envisioned Songdo, feels a parental connection with the city.

   解析：答案为C。 “conceive”一词除了具有“构想”的含义，本来也具备“孕育”的意思，后面出现的“he considers Songdo his baby”,更是表明对它的一种“父母般的关联”。

Passage One

【高级表达】

1. set a new bar for: 制定一个新标准

2. implement: 施行；实行

3. make sharp criticisms: 进行尖刻的批评

4. single out: 挑选出来

5. side with: 站对立场

6. hot-button issue: 热点问题

【关键句型】

1. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside superliberal areas. 这是一个证明，对含糖饮料的征税可以赢得超级自由主义领域以外基本的支持。

2. While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists, made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court. 当市议会投票在议会大厅内广受欢呼之时，与此措施意见相左者，包括饮料的说客们，提出了尖锐的批评并且发誓要当庭来质询此税收。

3. Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. 公共卫生团体十分支持被通过的税收，并将其视为解决长期困扰美国人健康问题的举措。

4. The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places. Indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. It's not ‘just Berkeley’ anymore. 这个行业会对贫穷的社区罹患糖尿病、肥胖症和心脏病，而从此行业中获取少量利润的做法可以将钱重新投入到社区之中，这将对其他很多地区都具有启发性的作用。实际上，我们已经听到一些了，这已经不仅是“伯克利”事件。

【答案解析】

46. B

解析：在第二段的此句话 it sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the country就可以表明，此举措对其他城市有设定新标准的功能，值得仿效。

47. C

解析：第四段的最后一句话made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court点明此题干，要当庭进行质询。

48. D

解析：第六段An industry-backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least $4 million on advertisements整段都表示的这个含义。

49. B

解析：倒数第二段能读出此题正确选项。

50. A

解析：最后一段能暗含此选项。

Passage Two

【主题分类】阅读理解：细读单选题；微波炉的利弊分析

【高级表达】

1. waste disposal: 废物处置

2. have impact on: 对......有冲击；有影响

3. back up: 支持；支撑 

【关键句型】

1. Popping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found.爆米花式的食物进入微波炉几分钟看上去似乎完全无害，但是，一项新研究发现，欧洲的这种快速烹调的炉子释放出了差不多相当于7百万辆车子释放的二氧化碳。

2. According to the same study, efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behaviour.根据同样的这个研究，降低消费的努力应该集中在提升消费者意识和行为。

3. Among common kitchen appliances used for cooking, microwaves are the most energy efficient, followed by a stove and finally a standard oven. Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing.在用于烹饪的普通厨房用具中，微波炉是能源有效性方面最强的，其次是燃气炉，最后才是普通的炉子。因此，提升微波炉的销量也被视为一件积极的措施。

【答案解析】

51. D

    解析：第一段中的这句话“Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found”可知，微波炉确实比我们想象的会释放更多的二氧化碳，造成对环境的伤害。因此D是正确选项。

52. A

    解析：第一段中的此部分with costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming "status" item，得知微波炉的销量增长，是因为价格的下降。

53. B

    解析：第二段的“efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behaviour”点明的就是提升消费者的意识和行为，在后面的部分又深化了这个意思，for example引导的例子就是强调消费者的习惯。

54. A

    解析：第三段的内容although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars，印证了选项的含义。

55. C

    解析：最后一段研究者对比了微波炉与其他厨具的能源利用的有效性，提出了“微波炉是most energy efficient”的方式，因此对环境的消极影响是最微小的。