Finally, some good news about airplane travel. If you are on a plane with a sick passenger, you are unlikely to get sick. That is the    26   of a new study that looked at how respiratory viruses   27    on airplanes. Researchers found that only people who were seated in the same row as a passenger with the flu, fbr example一or one row in front of or behind that individual—had a high risk of catching the illness. All other passengers had only a very    28    chance of getting sick, according to the findings. Media reports have not necessarily presented    29    information about the risk of getting infected on an airplane in the past. Therefore, these new findings should help airplane passengers to feel less    30    to catching respiratory infections while traveling by air.

Prior to the new study, little was known about the risks of getting   31   infected by common respiratory viruses, such as the flu or common cold, on an airplane, the researchers said. So, to    32   the risks of infection, the study team flew on 10 different   33   in the U.S. during the flu season. The researchers found that passengers sitting within two seats on    34   side of a person infected with the flu, as well as those sitting one row in front of or behind this individual, had about an 80 percent chance of getting sick. But other passengers were   35   safe from infection. They had a less than three percent chance of catching the flu.

E)  evaluate       F) explorations       G) flights         H) largely

I)   nearby          J) respond              K) slim             L) spread

M) summit        N) vividly               0) vulnerable

【主题分类】阅读理解：关于流行性感冒的病毒传播的简明科普知识。

【高级表达】

Be unlikely to: 不可能......

Catch the illness: 染上此病

Get infected: 被染上

Prior to: 在此之前......

Respiratory infection: 呼吸道感染

【关键句型】

1. Researchers found that only people who were seated in the same row as a passenger with the flu, for example一or one row in front of or behind that individual—had a high risk of catching the illness. 研究者们发现，只有当人们与患有流感的乘客坐在同一排，或者---正好在那人的前一排或后一排---才有感染上这个疾病的高风险。

2. Therefore, these new findings should help airplane passengers to feel less vulnerable to catching respiratory infections while traveling by air. 因此，这些新发现有助于飞机的乘客感觉，在乘机过程中，不太容易遭受呼吸道感染。

3. Prior to the new study, little was known about the risks of getting directly infected by common respiratory viruses, such as the flu or common cold, on an airplane, the researchers said.在这个新研究之前，对于在飞机上感染普通呼吸道病毒的风险，像流感或是普通感冒之类的，知之甚少，研究者们如是说。

   【答案解析】

26.   B) conclusion：结论

   解析：从结构而言，此处应该要填名词；从后面的句意来看，这是研究组做的研究成果。综  上而言，conclusion是最为合适的答案。

27. L) spread：扩散

   解析：此处应该要填动词；从文意来看，意思很明显是指“病毒扩散”。

28. K) slim：苗条的

   解析：slim意为“苗条的”，在这里可以理解为“轻微的，微小的”

29. A) accurate： 准确的

   解析：此处的句意是为了表明“媒体的报告并不需要很精确地告知准确的信息，关于在飞机上染上疾病的数值”。因此，此处accurate最符合题意。

30. O) vulnerable：容易遭受伤害的

   解析：feel vulnerable to: 对...容易遭受侵害

31. C) directly：直接的

   解析：按照语法来看，这个地方应该填入副词，综观选项中的副词，一共有三个directly, largely和vividly，按照文意，应该指的是“直接感染”。故选C。

32. E) evaluate：评价

   解析：to作为不定式的标志，后面应该跟动词，而且作为一个“目的”，应该“评估感染的风险”，是符合文意。

33. G) flights：航班

   解析：此处要填的宾语应该能与谓语动词flew搭配妥当，flights是不二选择。

34. D) either：每一；任一

   解析：此处的意思为“被感染者座位的两侧的任意一侧，都具有感染性”

35. H) largely：大部分的；基本上

   解析：这句话的意思决定了选项：除了那些紧挨感染者之外的座位，其他座位基本都是安全无虞的。所以选择largely。

Is Breakfast Really the Most Important Meal of the Day?

1. Along with old classics like "carrots give you night vision” and "Santa doesn't bring toys to misbehaving children, one of the most well-worn phrases of tired parents everywhere is that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Many of us grow up believing that skipping breakfast is a serious mistake, even if only two thirds of adults in the UK eat breakfast regularly, according to the British Dietetic Association, and around three-quarters of Americans.

2. "The body uses a lot of energy stores for growth and repair through the night," explains diet specialist Sarah Elder. "Eating a balanced breakfast helps to up our energy, as well as make up for protein and calcium used throughout the night." But there’s widespread disagreement over whether breakfast should keep its top spot in the hierarchy（等级) of meals. There have been concerns around the sugar content of cereal and the food industry's involvement in pro-breakfast research—and even one claim from an academic that breakfast is "dangerous"

3. What’s the reality? Is breakfast a necessary start to the day or a marketing tactic by cereal companies? The most researched aspect of breakfast（and breakfast-skipping） has been its links to obesity. Scientists have different theories as to why there’s a relationship between the two. In one US study that analysed the health data of 50,000 people over seven years, researchers found that those who made breakfast the largest meal of the day were more likely to have a lower body mass index （BMI） than those who ate a large lunch or dinner. The researchers argued that breakfast helps reduce daily calorie intake and improve the quality of our diet—since breakfast foods are often higher in fibre and nutrients.

4. But as with any study of this kind, it was unclear if that was the cause—or if breakfast-skippers were just more likely to be overweight to begin with. To find out, researchers designed a study in which 52 obese women took part in a 12-week weight loss programme. All had the same number of calories over the day, but half had breakfast, while the other half did not. What they found was that it wasn't breakfast itself that caused the participants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine.

5. If breakfast alone isn't a guarantee of weight loss, why is there a link between obesity and breakfast skipping ? Alexandra Joluistone, professor of appetite research at the University of Aberdeen, argues that it may simply be because breakfast-skippers have been found to be less knowledgeable about nutrition and health. "There are a lot of studies on the relationship between breakfast eating and possible health outcomes, but this may be because those who eat breakfast choose to habitually have health-enhancing behaviours such as regular exercise and not smoking, she says.

6. A 2016 review of 10 studies looking into the relationship between breakfast and weight management concluded there is "limited evidence supporting or refuting（反驳）the argument that breakfast influences weight or food intake, and more evidence is required before breakfast recommendations can be used to help prevent obesity.

7. Researchers from the University of Surrey and University of Aberdeen are halfway through research looking into the mechanisms behind how the time we eat influences body weight. Early findings suggest that a bigger breakfast is beneficial to weight control. Breakfast has been found to affect more than just weight. Skipping breakfast has been associated with a 27% increased risk of heart disease, a 21% higher risk of type 2 diabetes in men, and a 20% higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women. One reason may be breakfast’s nutritional value—partly because cereal is fortified（增加营养价值）with vitamins. In one study on the breakfast habits of 1,600 young people in the UK, researchers found that the fibre and micronutrient intake was better in those who had breakfast regularly. There have been similar findings in Australia, Brazil, Canada and the US.

8. Breakfast is also associated with improved brain function, including concentration and language use. A review of 54 studies found that eating breakfast can improve memory, though the effects on other brain functions were inconclusive. However, one of the review’s researchers, Mary Beth Spitznagel, says there is "reasonable" evidence breakfast does improve concentration一there just needs to be more research. "Looking at studies that tested concentration, the number of studies showing a benefit was exactly the same as the number that found no benefit, she says. "And no studies found that eating breakfast was bad for concentration.

9. What’s most important, some argue, is what we eat for breakfast. High-protein breakfasts have been found particularly effective in reducing the longing for food and consumption later in the day, according to research by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. While cereal remains a firm favourite among breakfast consumers in the UK and US, a recent investigation into the sugar content of 'adult' breakfast cereals found that some cereals contain more than three-quarters of the recommended daily amount of free sugars in each portion, and sugar was the second or third highest ingredient in cereals.

10. But some research suggests if we're going to eat sugary foods, it’s best to do it early. One study recruited 200 obese adults to take part in a 16-week-long diet, where half added dessert to their breakfast, and half didn't. Those who added dessert lost an average of 40 pounds more一however, the study was unable to show the long- term effects. A review of 54 studies found that there is no consensus yet on what type of breakfast is healthier, and conclude that the type of breakfast doesn't matter as much as simply eating something.

11. While there’s no conclusive evidence on exactly what we should be eating and when, the consensus is that we should listen to our own bodies and eat when we're hungry. "Breakfast is most important for people who are hungry when they wake up," Johnstone says. "Each body starts the day differently—and those individual differences need to be researched more closely, Spitznagel says. "A balanced breakfast is really helpful, but getting regular meals throughout the day is more important to leave blood sugar stable through the day, which helps control weight and hunger levels, says Elder. "Breakfast isn't the only meal we should be getting right.”

36.  According to one professor, obesity is related to a lack of basic awareness of nutrition and health.

37.  Some scientists claim that people should consume the right kind of food at breakfast.

38.  Opinions differ as to whether breakfast is the most important meal of the day.

39.  It has been found that not eating breakfast is related to the incidence of certain diseases in some countries.

40.  Researchers found it was a change in eating habits rather than breakfast itself that induced weight loss.

41.  To keep oneself healthy, eating breakfast is more important than choosing what to eat.

42.  It is widely considered wrong not to eat breakfast.

43.  More research is needed to prove that breakfast is related to weight loss or food intake

44.  People who prioritise breakfasts tend to have lower calorie but higher nutritional intake.

45.  Many studies reveal that eating breakfast helps people memorise and concentrate.

【主题分类】阅读理解：信息匹配题。本篇主要是围绕“早餐是否是最重要的一餐”这一日常话题进行讨论。文章的论述全面，早餐这一被人们一直“传说”的重要餐食，到底有何特点。

【高级表达】

Well-worn: 老生常谈的；用旧的

Breakfast-skipping：省略早餐

Obesity：肥胖

Health-enhancing behaviour：改善健康的行为

Look into：调查；研究

Diabetes：糖尿病人

Inconclusive：非决定性的；不确定的

Recruit：吸收；招募

Consensus：共识；一致的意见

【关键句型】

1.  But there’s widespread disagreement over whether breakfast should keep its top spot in the hierarchy of meals. 但是，关于早餐是否在三餐序列中占据最重要的位置，有着很多不同的意见。

2. There have been concerns around the sugar content of cereal and the food industry's involvement in pro-breakfast research—and even one claim from an academic that breakfast is "dangerous". 一直以来都对麦片的含糖量甚是忧心，对于食品行业在“亲早餐”调查中的牵涉度也引人注目---甚至有一个论调来自学术界，说早餐是“危险的”。

3. What they found was that it wasn't breakfast itself that caused the participants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine.他们发现的是，并不是早餐让参与者减重，是因为改变了他们的日常安排。

4. "A balanced breakfast is really helpful, but getting regular meals throughout the day is more important to leave blood sugar stable through the day, which helps control weight and hunger levels, breakfast isn't the only meal we should be getting right.”“均衡的早餐真的有帮助，虽然保持血糖稳定可有助于控制体重和饥饿水平，但是一天之中规则地进餐更为重要，早餐并不是唯一的我们应该吃对的那餐饭”。

【答案解析】

36. E

    解析：从E段的这句话 “Alexandra Joluistone, professor of appetite research at the University of  Aberdeen, argues that it may simply be because breakfast-skippers have been found to be less knowledgeable about nutrition and health”，得知，本段的主题即是说明obesity是因为缺乏对营养和健康的基本认识。

37. I

    解析：本段的第一句话中就有一个what，即点明此段的重点，即“早餐的内容”。High-protein breakfasts与cereal一直是早餐届的宠儿。

38. B

    解析：B段开门见山点出“均衡的早餐是为了有助于恢复精力，并弥补晚上所消耗的蛋白质和钙质”，紧接着“but”一词后面的disagreement又带出了人们对早餐的看法的不同声音。正符合B选线中的题干opinions differ.

39. G

    解析： “a 27% increased risk of heart disease, a 21% higher risk of type 2 diabetes in men, and a 20% higher risk of type 2 diabetes in women”这句话能够说明早餐与疾病的关系。

40. D

    解析：What they found was that it wasn't breakfast itself that caused the participants to lose weight: it was changing their normal routine.这句话指出了40题的题干含义：并不是早餐本身而是规则生活的改变，造成了体重的减轻。

41. J

    解析：文中的最后这部分，“the type of breakfast doesn't matter as much as simply eating something”，意思是“与其说早餐类型重要，不如说只要吃就好”。

42. A

    解析：从 第一段的内容可以看到， “早餐是最重要的一餐这是老调重谈”的话题。因此，关于这一题的对应段落就是A段。

43. F

    解析：此段中的limited一词就反映，下这样的结论是缺乏足够的证据的，“能够支持或反驳早餐影响体重或是食物摄入，证据有限”，从另一个侧面应证了43题的题干，应该做更多的研究来证明这一点。

44. C

    解析：综观C段的内容，表达的主旨内容就是，重视早餐的人，摄入的卡路里少，BMI值比较小，但是她的营养摄入肯定是更多的。

45. H

    解析：早餐与脑部功能有着正相关的关系，这在本段的第一句就开宗明义地指明了。“脑部的功能包括集中力与语言的使用”，也就是记忆和集中的两项了。

Passage One

【主题分类】阅读理解：细读单选题；主题关于文化，课本的历史与现今状态 

【高级表达】

Represent: 代表

Reconstructure: 重塑

Dynamic: 有活力的；动态的

Chalk up: 归结于；归功于

Toss: 抛；扔

【关键句型】

1. A freshman textbook will have dozens of contributors, from subject-matter experts through graphic and layout artists to expert reviewers and classroom testers.新诞生的课本牵涉着许多的对此做出贡献的人，从选择主题的专家到图形和布局的艺术家们再到专业的反思者还有教室的真正使用检验者。

2. From 1800 to the present day, textbooks have done this by posing questions for students to answer inductively(归纳性地). That means students are asked to use their individual experience to come up with answers to general questions. 从1800年到现今，课本通过向学生提出可以归纳回答的问题来达成此目标。这就意味着学生被要求利用他们的个人经历对普遍的问题给出解答。

3.  For an active learner, engaging with a textbook can be an interactive experience: Readers proceed at their own pace. 对于一位积极的学习者，与课本交融在一起的 学习是一个互相作用的经历：读者会以自己的步调来往前走。

    

【答案解析】

46.C

   解析：在第二段的这句话中，textbook publishers connect professors, instructors and students in ways that alternatives, such as open e-textbooks and open educational resources, simply do not，就能证明答案为C。因为很明白地指出了，开放性的电子书籍和开放的教育资源做不到这一点。

47.D

   解析：第三段的这句话It is true that textbook publishers have recently reported losses, largely due to students renting or buying used print textbooks表明的是“损失主要来自于学生都是租借或购买二手的纸质书”，这就印证了问题：销量的降低。

48.A

   解析：第三段中的这句话 “restructuring of the textbook industry may well be in order”就能点明题意：重塑行业的规范。

49.C

   解析：此道题的答案的出处在这句话中“by posing questions for students to answer inductively, that means students are asked to use their individual experience to come up with answers to general questions”, 利用自身的经历，也是“归纳”的意义。

50.B

   解析：答案的缘由在最后一段的engaging with a textbook can be an interactive experience这个部分。

Passage Two

【主题分类】阅读理解：细读；生物类科普文

【高级表达】

distinct: 明白的，明显的

convert: 转变；转换

crash down: 崩溃，坍塌

on their own: 依靠自身；独立完成

live up to: 达到（目标）；符合（期望）；遵守（诺言）

【关键句型】

1. It’s pretty incredible how it has managed to hijack the genes of the algae on which it feeds. 非常令人难以置信的是，它是如何劫持了藻类基因，来供己所用。

2. And so far, this green sea slug is the only known animal that can be truly considered solar-powered, although some animals do exhibit some plant-like behaviors. 迄今为止，这个绿色对的海虫是唯一已知的动物，它能够真真切切地依靠太阳的光能，虽然有些动物确实呈现了类植物的习性。

3. Their babies retain the ability to produce their own chlorophyll, though they can’t generate energy from sunlight until they’ve eaten enough algae to steal the necessary genes, which they can’t yet produce on their own. 这些幼虫延续了产生叶绿素的能力，虽然它们并不能从阳光中产生能量，直到它们吃了足够多的藻类，偷取了必需的基因，不然它们仍不能自身合成。

    

【答案解析】

51.D

   解析：第一段解释了这种sea slug之所以让“区分动植物的标准崩塌”，就是因为它既具备了植物的特性，即依靠光合作用来产生能量；也有动物的特性，即靠吃下去的食物来维持生命。

52.A

   解析：从文中得知植物的特性就是利用太阳光能产生光合作用，sea slug继承的就是藻类的植物特性，展示出了它的植物特征。因此，A是正确选项。

53.D

   解析：文章的倒数第三段说的很明晰，幼虫自小就保有自我产生叶绿素的能力，只是不能通过阳光来合成能量。

54.C

   解析：倒数第二段Sidney Pierce的话表明，“在学界，藻类的基因不可能在动物细胞的内部产生功能，但是在这里，他们确实能够，but here, they do”，由此可见，本题的选项为C。

55.B

   解析：答案B全面的总结了sea slug的特性，而且从最后部分的论述也能看出此项选择。