【主题分类】词汇理解：环境--空气污染

【高级表达】

Welfare cost: 社会福利开支

Trillion n. 万亿

Amount to: 相当于；总计为

Premature death: 过早死亡；早逝

Lost-labor income：劳动力收入损失

【关键句型】

Air pollution costs ... in ...空气污染在......方面导致......损失

Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with ...随着......室外污染的程度急速恶化

The problem is not limited to...: 问题不限于......

【答案解析】包括问题答案预测，答案定位，选项分析等

26. 答案： F) damage 损害，损失

详解：空格前面是形容词最高级the most serious， 后面为现在分词短语occurring in the developing world作后置定语，因此空格处需要填入名词形式。根据上下文意思判断，该处需要填入一个表示“不良影响”或“损失”的名词。由此确定名词F）damage 为本体答案。

27. 答案： B) associated 相关的
详解： 空格所在句子的主语是the figures， 谓语是include，宾语是a number of costs，句子成分完整。空格前面为名词costs，后面是介宾结构with air pollution，由此推断空格处需要填入动词分词形式或形容词，与介词with搭配构成后置定语，修饰a number of costs。文章手段提到了空气污染所造成的损失。因此空格处所填词应与后面的with air pollution搭配表达“与空气污染相关的”意思。备选词里面符合要求的只有associated，由此确定答案为B）。

28. 答案： M) sources 来源

详解：该空格前面有动词includes，后面有介词like表示列举，因此需要一个名词作宾语。文章谈论air pollution，并提到indoor pollution和列举了“家庭供暖和烹饪”两种室内污染，因此此处应填入名词。“家庭供暖和烹饪”均是室内污染的来源，由此判断sources为本题答案。

29.答案： D) constant 持续不断的；经常发生的
详解：该空格前系动词remained，因此该处应填入形容词或动词分词作表语。在该句中，介词despite引导的短语表示转折让步，“尽管在这方面已经有所改进”。根据意思判断，空格处需要填入一个与之意思相反的形容词，由此确定答案为constant。

30.答案： G) described 描绘，描述

详解：该空格前面是主语，后面为代词it和过去时态，因此此处应填入动词过去式作谓语。改动词应该能够与宾语it后面的as搭配，动词described符合要求
31.答案： E) control 控制，掌控

详解：该空格位于从句中，从句主语是individuals，谓语是have，空格前还有形容词little，所以需要填入不可数名词，且能与前面的over搭配。前面提到空气污染导致人们过早死亡，但呼吸空气是个人无法改变或控制的。因此该处应填入一个表示无法“改变”或“操控”的名词。control符合要求。

32. 答案： H) equals 等同，相当于

详解：通过分析句子结构可知，空格位于where引导的定语从句中，前面的lost-labor income是主语，后面的nearly 1% of GDP是宾语，缺一个谓语动词。再根据时态判断，该处应填入动词的第三人称单数形式。空格前主句指出发展中国家受空气污染最严重，空格所在句进一步说明严重的程度。Equals符合句意，此处意为“在一些地区，劳动力收入损失几乎相当于国内生产总值的1%”。

33.答案： K) regularly 经常

详解：该空格前面是代词they，后面是动词experience及名词短语dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution,因此空格处需要填入副词。前面一句提到劳动力收入损失，该句进一步解释造成劳动力损失的原因。因此，空格处需要填入一个表示“长期以来”或“一直这样”的副词来修饰experience。由此确定副词regularly为答案。  
34.答案： I) exclusively 独有地，仅仅

详解：通过分析句子结构可知，该句句子成分完整，因此该空格需要填入副词来修饰limited。根据意思判断，空格所在段落阐述空气污染对发达国家的影响，因此该处需要填入表示“独有地、仅仅”的副词来表明这一情况并非发展中国家独有，因此答案为exclusively。 

35. 答案： O) vehicles 交通工具，车辆

详解：该空格前面有名词diesel，后面有位于have become，所以需要填入名词复数形式与名词diesel搭配构成句子主语。通过上下文意思判断，本段将发达国家受空气污染的影响，近年来欧洲的柴油车日益流行，因此欧洲的发达国家也面临同样严重的问题，答案为vehicles。 

【主题分类】长篇阅读：美国教育

【高级表达】

Delighted a.高兴的，欣喜的

Pre-made a. 预先做好的

Processed food：加工食品

On an ongoing basis：以一种持续的方式；继续

Intensive training：强化培训

Transform vt. 转换；改变

Inhospitable a. 条件恶劣的；不好客的     此处表示让癌细胞不易于生存

【关键句型】

That feeling echoes the beliefs of...：这种柑橘与......信念相呼应

Research findings increasingly show... 越来越多的研究表明

Studies have explored evidence that... 已有研究找到了证据证明......

【答案解析】

35. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.

由题干中的more than half, Americans和factory-produced定位到D段画线处。

D）Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.

题干中的more than half of the food对应原文中的over 50 percent of our food,题干中的factory-produced是对原文中的processed food的同义转述，因此答案为D）。

36.  There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.

由题干中的program, assigns doctors和give advice to shoppers定位到B段。

B）Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.

题干中的assigns doctors...in food stores是对原文中sends doctors to the grocery store的同义转述，因此答案为B）。

38 There is a growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illness.

由题干中的growing evidence from research和recover from various illness定位到文章G段画线处。

G）In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine — that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

题干中的There is a growing evidence from research是对原文中research findings increasingly show的同义转述，题干中的food helps patients recover from various illnesses是对原文中the power of food to treat or reverse diseases的概括归纳，因此答案为G）。

39 A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.

由题干中的be prepared quickly and easily定位到A段画线处

A) Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”

题干中的be prepared quickly and easily是对原文中are quickly and easy to prepare 的同义转述，因此答案为A）。

40 Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.

由题干中的training a patient to prepare healthy food和change their life定位到文章I段画线处。

I）Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”

题干中的training a patient to prepare healthy food是对原文中teaching people bout which foods are healthy and how to prepare them的概况。题干中的change their life是对原文中transform a patient’s life的同义转述，因此答案为I）。

41 One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.

由题干中program，prescribes food for treatment 和 how to cook it定位到F段的画线处。

F）In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”

题干中的prescribes food for treatment 是对原文中food prescribed for their condition的同义转述，题干中的teaches patients how to cook it是对原文中intensive training in how to cook it的同义转述，因此答案为F)。

42 Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.

由题干中的Scott is not keen on和a waste of time定位到文章C段画线处

C)Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it?”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”

题干中的is not keen on是对原文中her enthusiasm fading的同义转述。题干中的 simply a waste of time是对原文中at the though of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it的概况归纳，因此答案为C）。

43 Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.

由题干中的diabetes patients ，advised 和 plant-based food定位到文章J段画线处。

J）Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation(炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.

题干中的are advised to eat more plant-based food是对原文中recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for people with diabetes的同义转述，因此答案为J）。

44 Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.

由题干中的using food as medicine和  making headway定位到文章 E 段画线处。

E)Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (药物). By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as ‘Shop with your Doc’, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says.

题干中using food as medicine is no novel idea是对原文中the food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades的同义转述，题干中的making headways是对原文中making progress的同义装束，故答案为 E。 

45 Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.

由题干中的high rates of various illnesses和the way they eat定位到文章G段画线处。

G）In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine — that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

题干中的various illnesses是对原文中obesity, diabetes and heart disease的规括，题干中的result from the way they eat是对原文中the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to的概括，因此答案为G）。

Passage 1

【主题分类】仔细阅读：自然环境和科技

【高级表达】

Distribution system：分配系统

New pumping practices: 新的抽水方法/技术

Compacted by：被......压缩、压实

Desalination plant：脱盐工厂

Undergo vt. 经历；忍受

【关键句型】

The problem is growing as：随着......问题变得严重

...may be triple ...：可能是......的三倍

Some desalination plants exist where feasible：在可行的情况下......有一些脱盐工厂存在

【答案解析】

46.How could California’s drought crisis be solved according to some researchers?

A) By building more reserves of groundwater.

B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.

C) By developing more advanced drilling devices.

D) By upgrading its water distribution system.

由题干中的California’s drought crisis 和 some researchers定位到第一段第三句: New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis.

由此可知，从地下深处取水是解决加利福尼亚州干旱危机的一个方法，因此答案为B）。

47.What can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifers?

A) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.

B) It was not considered worth the expense.

C) It may not provide quality freshwater.

D) It is bound to gain support from the local people.

由题干中的 extracting water from deep aquifers定位到第二段一、二句：It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns.

由此可知，从深层地下蓄水层抽水在之前不被认为是物超所值的，因此答案为B）。

48. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground?

A) The sinking of land surface. C) The damage to aquifers.

B) The harm to the ecosystem. D) The change of the climate.

由题干中的 a consequence of extracting water from deep underground定位到第二段三、四句：The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above

因此，地下水被抽走而引发的后果就是地表下沉，答案为A）。

49. What does the author say about deep wells?

A) They run without any need for repairs.

B) They are entirely free from pollutants.

C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.

D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater.

由题干中的deep wells定位到第三段最后一句：Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.

由此可知，深层地下井可以提供稳定的淡水资源，因此答案为D）。

50. What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sources?

A) People’s health may improve with cleaner water.

B) People’s water bills may be lowered considerably.

C) The cost may go up due to desalination.

D) They may be exhausted sooner or later.

由题干中的when deep aquifers are used as water sources定位到最后一段一、二句：One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost.

由此而知，一旦这些地下水作为淡水资源，可能会出现高盐度的情况，那么需要进行脱盐从而增加了成本，答案为C）。

Passage 2

【主题分类】本仔细阅读：科技--人工智能的话题

【高级表达】

Ethically：adv.伦理上

Driverless：a. 无人驾驶的

Triumph：n. 成功；胜利

Racist：a. 种族主义的

Unpredictability：n. 不可预测性，不可预知性

Bring to the surface sth：把......带到表面；让......浮出水面

【关键句型】

It is not too soon to...：做......不算太早 

It is one thing to... It is something very different to...做......是一回事，做......又是一回事

...whatever the outcome：......不管结果如何

【答案解析】

51.What does the author want to show with the example of AlphaGo’s victory?

A)Computers will prevail over human beings.

B)Computers have unmatched potential.

C)Computers are man’s potential rivals.

D)Computers can become highly intelligent.

由题干中的the author want to show with the example of AlphaGo’s victory定位到第一段：The AlphaGo program’s victory is an example of how smart computers have become.

换句话说，阿尔法狗围棋程序曾战胜了人类诸多优秀的围棋手，所以它的成功说明电脑已经高度智能化，因此答案为D）。

52.What does the author mean by AI machines acting ethically?

A)They are capable of predicting possible risks.

B)They weigh the gains and losses before reaching a decision.

C)They make sensible decisions when facing moral dilemmas.

D)They sacrifice everything to save human lives.

由题干中的the author mean by AI machines acting ethically定位到第三段五至八句：Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk? What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog? What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengers?

根据该段意思可以判断，让人工智能机器恪守伦理道德是指，当它们面临道德上进退两难的窘境时，它们能够做出明智的选择，因此答案为C）。

53.What is said to be the bigger challenge facing humans in the AI age?

A)How to make super-intelligent AI machines share human feelings.

B)How to ensure that super-intelligent AI machines act ethically.

C)How to prevent AI machines doing harm to humans.

D)How to avoid being over-dependent on AI machines

由题干中的 the bigger challenge facing humans in the AI age定位到第四段第二句：Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.

该句意思说，如何确保那些超级聪明的人工智能机器恪守伦理道德对我们人类而言是一个更大的挑战，因此答案为B）。

54.What do we learn about Microsoft’s “chatbot” Taylor?

A)She could not distinguish good from bad.

B)She could turn herself off when necessary.

C)She was not made to handle novel situations.

D)She was good at performing routine tasks.

由题干中的Microsoft’s “chatbot” Taylor定位到第五段四、五句：She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people were teaching Taylor racist ideas. When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.

由此可见，泰勒这个聊天程序只会按照自己的程序设置学习信息中心的一切内容，却没有辨别是非的能力，所以答案为A）

55. What does Eric Schmidt think of artificial intelligence?

A) It will be far superior to human beings.

B) It will keep improving as time goes by.

C) It will prove to be an asset to human beings.

D) It will be here to stay whatever the outcome.

由题干中的Eric Schmidt think of artificial intelligence定位到文章最后一段二至四句：He thinks AI will be positive for humans. He said people will be the winner, whatever the outcome. Advances in AI will make human beings smarter, more able and “just better human beings.”

由此可见，Eric Schmidt认为人工智能对于人类并不是坏事，而是可以为人类所用，服务于人类，所以答案为C）。